Asymmetries in the cilia of<i>Chlamydomonas</i>

Dutcher, Susan K.

doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0153

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…The organism of choice in this first group of three papers is the biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas, further highlighting its importance as a model species. In her contribution [43], Dutcher reviews asymmetries in the Chlamydomonas flagellar axoneme, which are sometimes overlooked. These include proximal/distal differences, radial/doublet specific differences as well as differences between the two flagella-termed cis and trans, which are thought to underly the cell's ability to phototax [44].…”

Section: Structure and Overview Of Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the unity and diversity of cilia

Wan

Jékely

2019

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 17 to a Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.Cilia are specialized cellular organelles that are united in structure and implicated in diverse key life processes across eukaryotes. In both unicellular and multicellular organisms, variations on the same ancestral form mediate sensing, locomotion and the production of physiological flows. As we usher in a new, more interdisciplinary era, the way we study cilia is changing. This special theme issue brings together biologists, biophysicists and mathematicians to highlight the remarkable range of systems in which motile cilia fulfil vital functions, and to inspire and define novel strategies for future research.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.

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Section: Structure and Overview Of Contributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the unity and diversity of cilia

Wan

Jékely

2019

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…A unique bridge-like structure that crosslinks two neighboring doublets is proposed to constrain the plane of bending 15,16 . The pseudo-ninefold symmetry and the bridge structure are thought to be important for generating equivalent beating amplitudes in the opposite directions, leading to planar and symmetric waveforms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals the asymmetric architecture of mammalian sperm axonemes

Chen

Greenan

Shiozaki

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The flagella of mammalian sperm display non-planar, asymmetric beating, in contrast to the planar, symmetric beating of flagella from sea urchin sperm and unicellular organisms. The molecular basis of this difference is unclear. Here, we perform in situ cryo-electron tomography of mouse and human sperm axonemes, providing the highest resolution structural information to date. Our subtomogram averages reveal mammalian sperm- specific protein complexes within the outer microtubule doublets, the radial spokes and nexin-dynein regulatory complexes. The locations and structures of these complexes suggest potential roles in enhancing the mechanical strength of mammalian sperm axonemes and regulating dynein-based axonemal bending. Intriguingly, we find that each of the nine outer microtubule doublets is decorated with a distinct combination of sperm- specific complexes. We propose that this asymmetric distribution of proteins differentially regulates the sliding of each microtubule doublet and may underlie the asymmetric beating of mammalian sperm.

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“…This is difficult to understand, as Chlamydomonas does have a rotating CP and lacks a permanent #5–6 bridge. Although there is no single obvious structural bias that could be called upon to make the flagellum stiffer in one axis and define a preferential beating plane, there is an accumulated body of evidence for asymmetry within the Chlamydomonas flagellum (Bui, Sakakibara, Movassagh, Oiwa, & Ishikawa, 2009; Dutcher, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The many modes of flagellar and ciliary beating: Insights from a physical analysis

Lindemann

Lesich

2021

Cytoskeleton

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The mechanism that allows the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella to produce both helical and planar beating is an enduring puzzle. The nine outer doublets of eukaryotic cilia and flagella are arranged in a circle. Therefore, each doublet pair with its associated dynein motors, should produce torque to bend the flagellum in a different direction. Sequential activation of each doublet pair should, therefore result in a helical bending wave. In reality, most cilia and flagella have a well-defined bending plane and many exhibit an almost perfectly flat (planar) beating pattern. In this analysis we examine the physics that governs flagellar bending, and arrive at two distinct possibilities that could explain the mechanism of planar beating. Of these, the mechanism with the best observational support is that the flagellum behaves as two ribbons of doublets interacting with a central partition. We also examine the physics of torsion in flagella and conclude that torsion could play a role in transitioning from a planar to a helical beating modality in long flagella. Lastly, we suggest some tests that would provide theoretical and/or experimental evaluation of our proposals.

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Asymmetries in the cilia ofChlamydomonas

Cited by 33 publications

References 115 publications

On the unity and diversity of cilia

On the unity and diversity of cilia

In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals the asymmetric architecture of mammalian sperm axonemes

The many modes of flagellar and ciliary beating: Insights from a physical analysis

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