Asymmetry between lower limbs during rested and fatigued state running gait in healthy individuals

Radzak, Kara N.; Putnam, Ashley Marie; Tamura, Kaori; Hetzler, Ronald K.; Stickley, Christopher D.

doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.11.005

Cited by 83 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Like variability, it is possible that symmetry values alter during an exercise bout, for example when the athlete is fatigued, or as they become accustomed to its intensity. Recent research by Radzak et al (2017) found differences in symmetry angle between rested and fatiguedstate running for several gait variables, although other variables were asymmetrical both before and after the fatiguing protocol. Similar research (Brown et al, 2014;Girard et al, 2017) found that dominant and non-dominant legs fatigued at similar rates, and thus inter-leg asymmetries are not likely due to lower limb dominance (Brown et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Gait variability and symmetry remain consistent during high-intensity 10,000 m treadmill running

Hanley

Tucker

2018

Journal of Biomechanics

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The aim of this study was to analyze changes in gait variability and symmetry in distance runners. Fourteen competitive athletes ran on an instrumented treadmill for 10,000 m at speeds equivalent to 103% of their season's best time. Spatiotemporal and ground reaction force data were recorded at 1500, 3000, 5000, 7500 and 9500 m. Gait variability and inter-leg symmetry were measured using median absolute deviation (MAD) and the symmetry angle, respectively. There were no overall changes during the running bout for absolute values, symmetry angles or variability, and there were only moderate changes in variability between successive testing distances for three variables. Even with these few changes, variability was low (<4%) at all distances for all variables measured and, on average, the athletes were symmetrical for five of the seven gait variables measured. There were greater mean asymmetry values for flight time (1.1-1.4%) and for impact force (2.0-2.9%), which might have occurred because of muscle latency as the lower limb responded passively to impact during initial contact. Although most athletes were asymmetrical (>1.2%) for at least one variable, no one was asymmetrical for more than four of the seven variables measured. Being asymmetrical in a few variables is therefore not abnormal and not indicative of asymmetrical gait and given many practitioners analyze symmetry (and variability) on an individual, case-study basis, caution should be taken when assessing the need for corrective interventions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Gait variability and symmetry remain consistent during high-intensity 10,000 m treadmill running

Hanley

Tucker

2018

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…Most previous studies focused on the direct relationship between fatigue and injury, especially the biomechanical changes in the lower extremities before and after fatigue [15][16][17][18][19]. For instance, Radzak et al [14] reported the biomechanical asymmetry (e.g., loading rate and knee/vertical stiffness) of the lower limbs before and after fatigue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue

et al. 2019

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Purpose: This study aimed to determine the changes in lower extremity biomechanics during running-induced fatigue intervention. Methods: Fourteen male recreational runners were required to run at 3.33 m/s until they could no longer continue running. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) and marker trajectories were recorded intermittently every 2 min to quantify the impact forces and the lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during the fatiguing run. Blood lactate concentration (BLa) was also collected before and after running. Results: In comparison with the beginning of the run duration, (1) BLa significantly increased immediately after running, 4 min after running, and 9 min after running; (2) no changes were observed in vertical/anterior-posterior GRF and loading rates; (3) the hip joint range of motion (θ ROM ) significantly increased at 33%, 67%, and 100% of the run duration, whereas θ ROM of the knee joint significantly increased at 67%; (4) no changes were observed in ankle joint kinematics and peak joint moment at the ankle, knee, and hip; and (5) vertical and ankle stiffness decreased at 67% and 100% of the run duration. Conclusion: GRF characteristics did not vary significantly throughout the fatiguing run. However, nonlinear adaptations in lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were observed. In particular, a "soft landing" strategy, achieved by an increased θ ROM at the hip and knee joints and a decreased vertical and ankle stiffness, was initiated from the mid-stage of a fatiguing run to potentially maintain similar impact forces.

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“…was used to model segments (torso, pelvis, thighs, shanks and feet, Figure 2). PiG has been used extensively in gait research (Kadaba, Ramakrishnan, & Wootten, 1990;Kulmala et al, 2017;Radzak, Putnam, Tamura, Hetzler, & Stickley, 2017). Although there are not yet any published data in sprinting, the unmodified PiG model is supported by reliability data during walking gait (Ferrari et al, 2008), revealing good reliability and correlation with other approaches including the Calibrated Anatomical System Technique (CAST; Benedetti, Catani & Leardini 1998).…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Measurement of bend sprinting kinematics with three-dimensional motion capture: a test–retest reliability study

Judson

Churchill

Barnes

et al. 2018

Sports Biomechanics

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Sprint velocity decreases on the bend when compared with the straight, therefore understanding technique during bend sprinting could have important implications for aiding race performance. Few bend sprinting studies have used optoelectronic cameras to investigate kinematic variables. Limited published evidence regarding the reliability of marker sets in conditions representative of elite bend sprinting makes model selection difficult. Therefore, a test-retest protocol was conducted to establish the reliability and minimum detectable difference of a lower limb and trunk marker set during bend sprinting (radius: 36.5 m). Six participants completed five, 60 m trials at maximum effort, with data collected at 38-45 m. This was repeated 2-7 days later. Spatio-temporal (e.g. contact time) and kinematic variables (e.g. peak joint angles) were evaluated. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to determine the between-and within-day reliability. Between-day reliability (ICC 3, k) was fair to excellent for all variables. Compared to between-day, within-day reliability demonstrated stronger agreement for the majority of variables. Thus, same-day data collection is preferable. It has been established that the marker set is reliable for future use. In addition, the minimal detectable difference was calculated which serves as useful reference for future research in bend sprinting. (Word count: 200)

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Asymmetry between lower limbs during rested and fatigued state running gait in healthy individuals

Cited by 83 publications

References 27 publications

Gait variability and symmetry remain consistent during high-intensity 10,000 m treadmill running

Gait variability and symmetry remain consistent during high-intensity 10,000 m treadmill running

Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue

Measurement of bend sprinting kinematics with three-dimensional motion capture: a test–retest reliability study

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Asymmetry between lower limbs during rested and fatigued state running gait in healthy individuals

Cited by 83 publications

References 27 publications

Gait variability and symmetry remain consistent during high-intensity 10,000 m treadmill running

Gait variability and symmetry remain consistent during high-intensity 10,000 m treadmill running

Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue

Measurement of bend sprinting kinematics with three-dimensional motion capture: a test–retest reliability study

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Gait variability and symmetry remain consistent during high-intensity 10,000 m treadmill running

Gait variability and symmetry remain consistent during high-intensity 10,000 m treadmill running