Asymmetry of Blinking

Kassem, Iris S.; Evinger, Craig

doi:10.1167/iovs.04-1279

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Overall, notwithstanding the different definition of incomplete eyeblinks, data collected in the current young adults were similar to those reported by Collins et al (2006). Spontaneous blinking and eyelid motion: C. Sforza et al 351 Significant asymmetry between left and right eye during reflex and spontaneous blinking was recently reported (Kassem and Evinger, 2006). In this investigation, during spontaneous blinking no significant laterality differences were found for any measurement, as previously reported (Stava et al, 1994;Somia et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Significant asymmetry between left and right eye during reflex and spontaneous blinking was recently reported (Kassem and Evinger, 2006). In this investigation, during spontaneous blinking no significant laterality differences were found for any measurement, as previously reported (Stava et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Data were reported separately for the left and right eye (Stava et al, 1994;Somia et al, 2000;Kassem and Evinger, 2006). All calculations were made using subroutines written in MatLabÒ (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spontaneous blinking in healthy persons: an optoelectronic study of eyelid motion

Sforza¹,

Rango

Galante³

et al. 2008

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Purpose: To develop a method for the non‐invasive detection and quantification of eyelid movements during spontaneous blinking. Methods: Spontaneous eyelid movements were monitored using an optoelectronic motion analyzer with passive markers in a younger group aged 20–30 years (13 men, 12 women) and in an older group over 50 years (10 men and nine women). Blink rate, eyelid displacement as a percentage of maximum excursion, and maximum eyelid velocity in closing and opening were calculated. Results: Spontaneous blink rate was significantly larger in women than in men (19 vs 11 blinks per minute); older women blinked more frequently than younger women. On average, young men closed the eyes completely (or almost completely) 44% of times, whereas the eyelid closure of young and older women was more frequently between 51 and 75% of the maximum excursion. Older men rarely closed completely and showed a similar frequency of blinks with up to 25%, 50% and 75% of maximum excursion. During eyelid closure and opening, the maximum velocity reduced with age: older subjects moved their eyelids approximately 80–70% slower than younger subjects. In all subjects, closing was performed 40–47% faster than opening; women moved faster than men. Eyelid displacement was greater in young than in older subjects. Conclusions: The method used in this study allowed the non‐invasive detection of eyelid movements during spontaneous blinking, providing a set of descriptive and kinematic data. The method could also be used to assess blink characteristics in patients with movement disorders, without invasive or time‐consuming procedures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

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Spontaneous blinking in healthy persons: an optoelectronic study of eyelid motion

Sforza¹,

Rango

Galante³

et al. 2008

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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“…If dopamine loss was the predisposing condition in human BEB, a reasonable prediction is that BEB patients would be more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease than individuals without BEB. Such an increased incidence of Parkinson’s disease, however, does not appear to occur in BEB patients [106]. The eye irritation environmental trigger, however, is consistent with the human data [36-39] and the evidence that changes in the basal ganglia plays a role in the predisposing condition is compelling [40, 97-99].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…There is abundant evidence that adaptive modifications of blinking originate in trigeminal blink circuits [102, 106, 107]. Normally, the basal ganglia modulates inhibitory processes of trigeminal blink circuits to enhance or depress these adaptations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Models for Investigating Benign Essential Blepharospasm

Evinger

2013

Current Neuropharmacology

Self Cite

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The focal dystonia benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) affects as many as 40,000 individuals in the United States. This dystonia is characterized by trigeminal hyperexcitability, photophobia, and most disabling of the symptoms, involuntary spasms of lid closure that can produce functional blindness. Like many focal dystonias, BEB appears to develop from the interaction between a predisposing condition and an environmental trigger. The primary treatment for blepharospasm is to weaken the eyelid-closing orbicularis oculi muscle to reduce lid spasms. There are several animal models of blepharospasm that recreate the spasms of lid closure in order to investigate pharmacological treatments to prevent spasms of lid closure. One animal model attempts to mimic the predisposing condition and environmental trigger that give rise to BEB. This model indicates that abnormal interactions among trigeminal blink circuits, basal ganglia, and the cerebellum are the neural basis for BEB.

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Assessing patients' attitudes towards telepsychotherapy: The development of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology‐patient version

Békés

Doorn

Bőthe

2022

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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This study presents the development of a self‐report measure of patients' attitudes towards telepsychotherapy. The measure is based on a well‐researched model of attitudes towards using technology, the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework (Venkatesh et al., 2003). We examined the psychometric properties of the UTAUT adapted for psychotherapy patients (UTAUT‐P) in a sample of 107 psychotherapy patients who received telepsychotherapy via video conferencing during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 14‐item UTAUT‐P version, with four factors—(1) Therapy Quality Expectancy, (2) Convenience, (3) Ease of Use, and (4) Pressure from Others—and was further corroborated by the results of the confirmatory factor analysis. Our results indicated the four‐factor model's adequate fit to the data and demonstrated adequate construct validity and reliability of the UTAUT‐P factors. All factors, except for Ease of Use, were significantly and positively associated with intention to use telepsychotherapy technology in the future. This study complements the research on therapists' attitudes towards telepsychotherapy, based on the therapist version of the UTAUT. The developed 14‐item UTAUT‐P might be a helpful, brief self‐report tool in clinical practice, which might give the patient a voice around the potential use of telepsychotherapy technology in their care. This initial application of the UTAUT‐P patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic offers a building block for future research on patients' attitudes towards telepsychotherapy, outside the context of a forced transition.

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Asymmetry of Blinking

Cited by 16 publications

References 32 publications

Spontaneous blinking in healthy persons: an optoelectronic study of eyelid motion

Spontaneous blinking in healthy persons: an optoelectronic study of eyelid motion

Animal Models for Investigating Benign Essential Blepharospasm

Assessing patients' attitudes towards telepsychotherapy: The development of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology‐patient version

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