Asymptomatic Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure in Dogs and Cats—A French and Belgian Rural and Urban Areas Study

Mahjoub, Tarek; Krafft, Émilie; Garnier, Léa; Mignard, Amélie; Hugnet, Christophe; Lefebvre, Sébastien; Fourel, Isabelle; Benoît, Etienne; Lattard, Virginie

doi:10.3389/ftox.2022.907892

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 37 publications

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“…High‐performance liquid chromatography can confirm the diagnosis and type of AR poisoning but may not detect low concentrations in the serum (Griggs et al., 2016 ; Kohn et al., 2003 ; Walton & Otto, 2018 ). Although the liver tissue is the most sensitive biological sample, hepatic biopsy is an invasive procedure that is not suitable for patients with bleeding diathesis, thus fecal analysis has been introduced as an alternative diagnostic method for asymptomatic animals (Mahjoub et al., 2022 ). Although confirmatory testing was not available for this patient, a diagnosis of AR was suspected in light of the grossly abnormal coagulation parameters and limited alternative causes of coagulopathy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unilateral retrobulbar haemorrhage in a cat secondary to suspected anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication

Seo,

Lim,

Namgoong

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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A 6‐month‐old intact female mixed‐breed kitten presented with severe exophthalmos of the left eye. Periocular lesions, including subconjunctival haemorrhage, third eyelid protrusion, and left eyelid oedema, were detected in the absence of globe retropulsion. The left intraocular pressure was increased, and ocular ultrasonography revealed ipsilateral retrobulbar fluid. Coagulation panels were markedly prolonged and severe anaemia was detected. Ultrasound‐guided retrobulbar centesis performed to decrease intraocular pressure yielded blood. Based on the history and clinical findings, anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication was suspected. Treatment included partial tarsorrhaphy and the administration of topical antibiotics, artificial tears, and vitamin K1. Fresh whole blood and fresh frozen plasma were transfused for supportive therapy. Coagulation parameters improved after 7 days of hospitalisation. The periocular lesions resolved within 14 days, despite persistent optic nerve damage and blindness. This case report raises the possibility that anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity may result in retrobulbar haemorrhage in the absence of other typical cavitary bleeding. Although uncommon, anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity should be considered in cats with retrobulbar haemorrhage.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unilateral retrobulbar haemorrhage in a cat secondary to suspected anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication

Seo,

Lim,

Namgoong

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Patterns of exposure of coyotes to anticoagulant rodenticides in California, USA

Stapp,

Mc Kenzie,

Bucklin

et al. 2024

J Wildl Manag

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Secondary exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) causes the death of mammalian predators and scavengers directly and indirectly through sublethal effects that reduce fitness. Poisoning by ARs has been proposed to be a significant source of mortality for coyotes (Canis latrans), a medium‐sized canid that thrives at the urban–wildland interface and may prey upon species targeted by pest control efforts. However, only 1 study, with a relatively small sample size, documented the prevalence of AR exposure in a free‐roaming coyote population. We quantified AR exposure in carcasses of 365 urban and suburban coyotes in southern California, USA, and compared AR prevalence and hepatic residue concentrations to those of 120 rural coyotes collected elsewhere in the state. For urban coyotes, we also examined demographic (sex, age, body mass, cause of death) and environmental factors (season, degree of urbanization, diet) that could influence the number of AR compounds and residue concentrations. Nearly all urban coyotes (98.1%) were exposed to at least 1 AR, compared to 41.7% of rural coyotes, and most individuals had residues of both first‐generation (FGAR) and the more potent second‐generation (SGAR) compounds, often at concentrations exceeding thresholds considered lethal in other mammals. Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure of urban coyotes did not vary by sex or season, but the number of compounds detected increased with mass, and adults tended to have residues of more compounds and at higher concentrations than juveniles, suggesting repeated and chronic exposure. Livers of road‐killed coyotes had higher SGAR concentrations than those euthanized as nuisance animals, which had lower SGAR concentrations in intensively urbanized areas. Concentrations of SGAR and FGAR residues were highest in suburban areas with natural open space and lower intensity development, and stable isotope values suggested that these coyotes were exposed to ARs by consuming commensal rodents and possibly mesocarnivores. In contrast, coyotes from urbanized areas had lower AR concentrations possibly because less AR is applied in these settings or because coyotes consumed foods with less AR, such as domestic cats and anthropogenic resources. Although some coyotes showed evidence of internal bleeding consistent with AR toxicosis and were in poorer body condition, there was no clear relationship between the extent of hemorrhaging and AR exposure. Despite statewide legislation to restrict their use and mitigate non‐target impacts, AR exposure remains ubiquitous in southern California and represents another stressor of urban life to which coyotes have successfully adjusted, making them a potential sentinel of environmental contamination.

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Exposure and resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in invasive and endemic Chadian urban rodent species to develop a rational management strategy

Mahamat,

Groud,

Djibrine

et al. 2024

Pest Management Science

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Rodent management involves the use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). This use has resulted in the selection of numerous resistance alleles in the Vkorc1 gene, encoding the target enzyme of ARs. In Africa, while rodents are a major problem due to their transport and transmission of zoonotic pathogens and damage to crops, the use of ARs and the spread of resistance alleles are poorly documented. We attempted to address both issues in Chad which is one of the largest countries in Africa. Due to this location at the crossroads of central and northern Africa, Chad is representative of many African countries. Using a sampling of nearly 300 rodents composed of invasive and endemic rodents collected in 6 of Chad's largest cities, exposure to ARs was analyzed by their quantification in the liver; the spread of AR resistance alleles was analyzed by Vkorc1 sequencing. We demonstrate the use of both ARs generations in Chadian cities and report the total sequencing of the Vkorc1 for 44 M. natalensis with detection of two different haplotypes, the sequencing of the Vkorc1 for 2 other endemic rodent species, M. kollmannspergeri and A. niloticus, and finally the detection of three new missense mutations, V29E, V69E, D127V in R. rattus. potentially associated to resistance to ARs.These results should argue for the implementation of a reasoned management of rodent populations in Africa to avoid the spread of ARs resistance alleles.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Asymptomatic Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure in Dogs and Cats—A French and Belgian Rural and Urban Areas Study

Cited by 3 publications

References 37 publications

Unilateral retrobulbar haemorrhage in a cat secondary to suspected anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication

Unilateral retrobulbar haemorrhage in a cat secondary to suspected anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication

Patterns of exposure of coyotes to anticoagulant rodenticides in California, USA

Exposure and resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides in invasive and endemic Chadian urban rodent species to develop a rational management strategy

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