Asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization and adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

During pregnancy, vaginal colonization by Candida spp is common. Some studies suggest an association between asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the evidence is inconsistent. This review aimed to systematically review the association between asymptomatic vaginal colonization by Candida spp and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth. DATA SOURCES: We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to May 6, 2020 for published studies on vaginal Candida/yeast and pregnancy outcomes. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Cohort studies, case-control studies, and randomized controlled trials that included pregnant women who were tested for asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization and reported on adverse pregnancy outcomes were eligible. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: Two reviewers independently selected and extracted the data. Critical appraisal was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort and case-control studies and the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized controlled trials. RESULTS: We found no significant difference in preterm birth rate between Candidapositive and Candida-negative women (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.99e1.22; I 2 , 0%) in 15 studies among 33,321 women for either spontaneous preterm birth only (odds ratio, 1.13, 95% confidence interval, 0.97e1.31; I 2 , 0%) or all preterm birth (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.79e1.35; I 2 , 21%). Subgroup analyses for a treatment strategy including only studies reporting on spontaneous preterm birth did not reveal any statistically significant associations either, although the odds ratio was increased for the untreated Candida-positive women (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.90e1.81; I 2 , 13%) in 3 studies among 5175 women. Asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization was not associated with small for gestational age, perinatal mortality, or any other adverse pregnancy outcome. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization is not associated with preterm birth and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Previous studies reported that treatment of this microorganism reduces preterm birth rate. Our results suggest that this effect is unlikely to rely on treatment of vaginal Candida.

Landscape of Preterm Birth Therapeutics and a Path Forward

“…Although metronidazole is safe for use in the first trimester of pregnancy, there is concern that treatment of T. vaginalis with metronidazole in the late second or third trimester of pregnancy may increase rates of PTB [181,182]. Vaginal candidiasis has not been shown to be a risk factor for PTB, and treatment appears to be safe in pregnancy [183]. Overall, the treatment of STIs and UTIs has not been shown to reduce the rate of PTB, but treatment of UTIs in early pregnancy confers both maternal and neonatal benefit.…”

Clotrimazole, Pregnancy and Endocrine Disruption: A Narrative Review

“…Regarding the first point, the literature looking at candidiasis and preterm birth is inconsistent. A current meta-analysis [25] does not see any significant relation between the two and was not quoted in the current guidelines of September 2020. The literature [26][27][28] on which the recommendation is based does not support the assumption.…”

Stage 2: The Vaginal Flora in Women Undergoing Fetal Spina Bifida Repair and Its Potential Association with Preterm Rupture of Membranes and Preterm Birth

“…In cases of vaginal candidiasis, a recent systematic review found no association between asymptomatic vaginal candidiasis and PTB [ 27 ]. In other studies, however, treatment of asymptomatic candidiasis is advised in order to prevent PTB [ 28 , 29 ].…”

“…In other studies, however, treatment of asymptomatic candidiasis is advised in order to prevent PTB [ 28 , 29 ]. As shown in Schusters systematic review, this effect is more likely due to the anti-inflammatory effect of the treatment rather than its anti-fungal treatment [ 27 ].…”