Asynchronous Scheme for Optical Camera Communication-Based Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Communication

Nguyen, Trang; Le, Nam-Tuan; Jang, Yeong Min

doi:10.1155/2015/908139

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…S2-PSK can demodulate randomly sampled images which allow it to be used for variable frame rate cameras. Recently, several other hybrid modulation schemes are standardized which include but not limited to pulse width modulation/pulse position modulation (PWM/PPM) [43,44], camera multiple frequency shift keying (CM-FSK) [45,46,47], camera on-off keying (C-OOK) [48], rolling shutter frequency shift keying (RS-FSK) [48], asynchronous quick link (A-QL) [49], hidden asynchronous quick link (HA-QL) [49], and variable transparent amplitude shape code (VTASC) [49].…”

Section: Ieee Standardized Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical camera communications: Survey, use cases, challenges, and future trends

Saeed

Guo

Park

et al. 2019

Physical Communication

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Recently, a camera or an image sensor receiver based optical wireless communications (OWC) techniques have attracted particular interest in areas such as the internet of things, indoor localization, motion capture, and intelligent transportation systems. As a supplementary technique of high-speed OWC based on photo-detectors, communications hinging on image sensors as receivers do not need much modification to the current infrastructure, such that the implementation complexity and cost are quite low. Therefore, in this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of optical camera communication (OCC) techniques, and their use in localization, navigation, and motion capture. This survey is distinguishable from the existing reviews on this topic by covering multiple aspects of OCC and its various applications. The first part of the paper focuses on the standardization, channel characterization, modulation, coding, synchronization, and signal processing techniques for OCC systems while the second part of the article presents the literature on OCC based localization, navigation, motion capture, and intelligent transportation systems. Finally, in the last part of the paper, we present the challenges and future research directions of OCC.(OCC) [5]. FSO communication systems consist of a laser diode (LD) transmitter and a photodiode (PD) receiver. It typically relies on UV or visible bands, offers high rate transmission in a long distance, and can be used for a backhaul of communication networks. However, FSO communications need a strict alignment, and consequently, their cost at transceivers is high. Also, FSO communication systems suffer from atmospheric turbulence which can be mitigated by using different statistical channel models [6,7,8,9,10], robust modulation techniques [11,12], and accurate pointing and tracking methods [13,14,15]. On the other hand, VLC hinging on visible bands is an LD or light emitting diode (LED) transmitter and PD receiver-based medium-range communication technology. VLC is capable of offering high data rate within a range of tens of meters but does not consider multiple user access. The advancement of VLC systems has also led to enable various location aware indoor applications. Recently, several indoor localization systems based on VLC are proposed [16,17,18,19,20]. Interested readers are referred to [21,22], and the references therein for VLC based indoor localization and tracking methods. Nevertheless, the VLC technology suffers from both limited coverage and interference. Increasing the field of view of the LEDs improves the coverage; however, it increases the interference at the receiver. Signal-to-interference ratio based methods can be used to analyze the coverage and interference problems in VLC systems [23]. Different from VLC, Li-Fi is an LED transmitter based light networking technology that involves multiple user access, bidirectional communications, multi-cell handover, etc. The emerging Li-Fi supports mobile communica-

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Section: Ieee Standardized Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical camera communications: Survey, use cases, challenges, and future trends

Saeed

Guo

Park

et al. 2019

Physical Communication

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“…International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks Due to the developed business architecture, OCC is mainly deployed on broadcasting topology, so the fullduplex protocol for synchronization is not easy for implementation in commercial product. Most of researches on synchronization issue are considered on transmitter design or receiver sampling scheduling [9,11,15,16] for asynchronous transmission. About the communication range, the image sensor of camera will not get photon directly.…”

Section: Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

OCC-ID: New Broadcasting Service-Based Cloud Model and Image Sensor Communications

Jang

2016

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

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In recent decades, the main data traffic of mobile communication is based on the RF technology. Even though the efficiency from optimization for utilization or reuse is applied, there is a limitation of increased traffic demand of RF communication. Visible light communication (VLC) is a new technology that can cooperate with RF to address this limitation. The standard for VLC was published in 2011 as IEEE 802.15.7, which defined the specifications for the MAC layer and the PHY layer. This standard was one of the first for this technology. The decoded operation from emitting light at the receiver in IEEE 802.15.7 is mainly based on the photodetector. However, with the development of image sensors (matrix of photodiodes) on smart devices, the amendment of IEEE 802.15.7 specification is considered. The extension will focus mainly on image sensor communications, named optical camera communications (OCC). In this paper, we analyze the performance of a camera communications system based on different types of image sensor architecture. Then, we suggest OCC-ID, a new application for broadcasting service using camera communications and the cloud model. The proposed architecture is a typical deployment scenario of camera communications.

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“…Our previous work [2] proposed two schemes for asynchronous transmission which assumes that oversampling rate is satisfied (camera frame rate is larger than bit rate), then selection algorithms of proper frames for decoding are proposed. The first scheme sets up receiver frame rate to target the fixed oversampling rate, 3/2 for example, and then fixed rate of frame selection, 2/3, is chosen.…”

Section: A Asynchronous Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The asynchronous scheme which proposed in [2] will be used for unidirectional OCC but needs to be modified in a simpler way of demonstration. Followed by choice of unidirectional system are requirements of the over-sampling technique and algorithm of image frame selection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Troubles that come from exposure and camera's frame rate are seen in our experiment and need to be cancelled. As proposed solution in [2], some LEDs are used to transmit reference signal for decoding instead of transmitting data. But more reference LEDs might cause difficulty in image processing, hence, the practical system should have fewer amount of reference LEDs than proposed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Practical design of Screen-to-Camera based Optical Camera Communication

Nguyen

Jang

2015

2015 International Conference on Information Networking (ICOIN)

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This paper introduces the Optical Camera Communication (OCC) based on Computer Vision. The practical issues of implementation of the asynchronous communication based Screen-to-Camera are performed. The asynchronous scheme proposed by our previous work is modified to be simple, suitable and reliable in order to apply in case of heterogeneous frame rate of camera. In addition, the design of multi LEDs transmitter together with image processing technique are also proposed to mitigate perspective distortion in real-time LEDs detection and multi colors decoding achieving high performance.

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Asynchronous Scheme for Optical Camera Communication-Based Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Communication

Cited by 27 publications

References 10 publications

Optical camera communications: Survey, use cases, challenges, and future trends

Optical camera communications: Survey, use cases, challenges, and future trends

OCC-ID: New Broadcasting Service-Based Cloud Model and Image Sensor Communications

Practical design of Screen-to-Camera based Optical Camera Communication

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