“…Similarly, for children, the negative consequences of PCA are substantial (El-Sheikh, Cummings, Kouros, Elmore-Staton, & Buckhalt, 2008; Gershoff, 2002; Keiley, Howe, Dodge, Bates, & Pettit, 2001) and occur even with relatively commonplace acts such as spanking (Gershoff, 2002; Repetti, Taylor, & Seeman, 2002). At the same time, exposure to IPA is a risk factor for a wide variety of negative child outcomes (El-Sheikh et al, 2008; English et al, 2009; Saltzman, Holden, & Holahan, 2005; Ybarra, Wilkens, & Lieberman, 2007). These relations occur for both father- and mother-perpetrated IPA (El-Sheikh et al, 2008) and are more prevalent and serious with exposure to physical IPA (Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003).…”