2020
DOI: 10.3390/cells9102162
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At the Forefront of the Mucosal Barrier: The Role of Macrophages in the Intestine

Abstract: Macrophages are part of the innate immunity and are key players for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. They belong to the group of mononuclear phagocytes, which exert bactericidal functions and help to clear apoptotic cells. Moreover, they play essential roles for the maintenance of epithelial integrity and tissue remodeling during wound healing processes and might be implicated in intestinal tumor development. Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells and secrete immune-modulatory factors, like chemoki… Show more

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Cited by 43 publications
(26 citation statements)
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References 142 publications
(189 reference statements)
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“…In this framework, IBD-associated inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ can activate endothelial cells by inducing the expression of adhesion molecules for leukocytes such as E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 or vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 ( 79 ). Macrophages are important drivers of IBD and are characteristically expressing high amounts of TNF-α and IL-1β, which may amplify the extravasation of these cells being responsible for the high numbers of macrophages present in IBD tissues ( 80 ). In addition, inflammation is associated with increased angiogenesis supporting immune cell recruitment by increase of blood flow and endothelial surface ( 81 ).…”
Section: The Impact Of Blood Vessels On Ibd Pathogenesismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this framework, IBD-associated inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ can activate endothelial cells by inducing the expression of adhesion molecules for leukocytes such as E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 or vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 ( 79 ). Macrophages are important drivers of IBD and are characteristically expressing high amounts of TNF-α and IL-1β, which may amplify the extravasation of these cells being responsible for the high numbers of macrophages present in IBD tissues ( 80 ). In addition, inflammation is associated with increased angiogenesis supporting immune cell recruitment by increase of blood flow and endothelial surface ( 81 ).…”
Section: The Impact Of Blood Vessels On Ibd Pathogenesismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Phagocytosis is an essential component of innate immunity and plays a critical role in both the maintenance and reestablishment of homeostasis (74,75). Now more than ever, we need to have a better understanding of these mechanisms, as the climate change crisis has drastically reduced global coral reef biomass and diversity (10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Even in homeostatic conditions the intestine is under constant inflammatory assault from its high microbial load and the influx of dietary antigens. Multiple heterogeneous populations of long-lived macrophages, residing within discrete niches along the intestinal tract, differentially display bactericidal activity, help mop up apoptotic debris (efferocytosis), and deploy during wound healing to ensure barrier integrity [ 129 ]. In addition to their roles in immune surveillance and host defence, both gut-resident and tissue-infiltrating immune cell types have been increasingly recognized as important contributors to the ISC niche.…”
Section: The Immune Nichementioning
confidence: 99%