Atherogenic index of plasma in highly active antiretroviral therapy-naïve patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Southeast Nigeria

Onyedum, Cajetan C; Young, Ekenechukwu; Iroezindu, Michael; Chukwuka, Chinwe; Nwagha, UI

doi:10.4103/2230-8210.139217

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Metabolic abnormalities such as hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia have also been identified to result from ART use [42,43]. An alternative mechanism is the direct effect of HIV replication leading to altered PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH lipid metabolism resulting from inflammation caused by HIV shown to be associated with higher atherogenic index [44]. Lastly, we found LDL, subcutaneous, visceral fat, and waist-hip ratio to be independently associated with higher atherogenic index.…”

Section: Plos Global Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 57%

Prevalence of and factors associated with high atherogenic index among adults in Nairobi urban informal settlements: The AWI-Gen study

Wambui

Mohamed²,

Asiki³

2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Dyslipidemia is an important cardiovascular disease predictor. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a ratio of triglycerides (TG) to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has been deemed to be more informative as a cardiovascular disease predictor compared to using any single predictor. The aim of this study was to explore the factors associated with elevated atherogenic index among people living in low-income urban areas of Nairobi, Kenya. Data used in this study were obtained from a cross-sectional population-based study with 2,003 participants conducted in Nairobi as part of the Africa Wits-INDEPTH Partnership for Genomic Research, AWI-Gen). Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics were collected from the participants. AIP was derived from the log of TG/HDL cholesterol and categorized into low risk (AIP<0.1), intermediate risk (AIP = 0.1–0.24) and high risk (AIP >0.24). Fifty-four percent (54%) of the study participants were women and the mean age of participants enrolled in this study was 48.8 years. Twenty-nine percent (29%) of study participants had high or medium atherogenic risk. Men, HIV patients, individuals with self-reported uncontrolled diabetes and obese individuals were at higher atherogenic risk. We have identified modifiable risk factors which can be addressed to reduce dyslipidemia in this population. Longitudinal studies may help to precisely determine how these factors relate with cardiovascular diseases.

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Section: Plos Global Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 57%

Prevalence of and factors associated with high atherogenic index among adults in Nairobi urban informal settlements: The AWI-Gen study

Wambui

Mohamed²,

Asiki³

2022

PLOS Glob Public Health

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“…Other authors have also used these tools to predict the atherogenic risk in HIV infection. [20][21][22][23][24]26] Apart from HIV infection, these indices have also been used to assess cardiovascular risk in pre-eclampsia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, in stroke, among university staff in Malaysia, in dwellers in Nigeria etc... [28][29][30]31]. In our study, comparisons between these indices have been made and have shown that they can predict this risk reliably.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Currently, indices obtained from the lipid ratios are increasingly used. They predict cardiovascular risk for cardiovascular disease and can be applied effectively in PLWHIVs [20][21][22][23]. Very few African studies [20][21][22][23][24] have evaluated the cardiovascular risk during HIV infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They predict cardiovascular risk for cardiovascular disease and can be applied effectively in PLWHIVs [20][21][22][23]. Very few African studies [20][21][22][23][24] have evaluated the cardiovascular risk during HIV infection. Africa has the highest number of PLHIVs and does not have the means to properly care for them given limited resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atherogenic risk assessment of naive HIV-infected patients attending Infectious Diseases Service of Kinshasa University Teaching Hospital, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Mbula¹,

Situakibanza²,

Mananga³

et al. 2020

Int J Clin Microbiol Biochem Technol

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Background and aim: Metabolic abnormalities are common in HIV/AIDS. Increasingly, lipid ratios are used as screening tools for dyslipidaemia in these medical conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of 4 lipid ratios to predict cardiovascular risks. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and analytical study included 105 HIV+ patients followed in Kinshasa University Teaching Hospital (KUTH). Four indices [Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), Castelli Risk Index (CRI) I and II, Atherogenic coefficient (AC)] were compared. Statistical analyzis consisted of measuring frequencies and means, Student’s t-tests, ANOVA and Ficher’s exact test, and the calculation of the Kappa value. Results: Lipid ratios predicted respectively the risk in 62% (AIP), 28.6% (CRI-I) and 23.8% (CRI-II). CRI-I and II were elevated, especially in women. The AIP appeared to be a better predictor than CRI-I and II to assess dyslipidaemia in general and the high-risk frequency. The cholesterol detected risk in 66.7% (Low HDL-C), 50% (High LDL-C), 38.9% (High TC and/or TG). The atherogenic risk was higher with age, advanced WHO stage, HIV-TB, HBV-HCV co-infections, smoking and alcohol intake. Haemoglobin (Hb) and CD4 counts were low when the risk was high. Age ≥ 50 years, stage 4 (WHO), CD4s+ ≤ 200 cells/µL were independent factors associated with atherogenic risk. Conclusion: Lipid ratios can be used as reliable tools for assessing cardiovascular risk of naïve HIV-infected patients who received HAART.

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“…Alteration in lipid concentrations were characterized as elevating triglycerides (TG) and decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [6]. However, assessment of single subtype could not describe the lipid metabolism adequately, as supplementary, complex indexes like non-HDL-C, total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/HDL-C and non-HDL-C/HDL-C, derived from simple lipid parameters, which are widely used in predicting the risk of atherosclerosis in general population [7][8][9], were scarcely evaluated in HIV-1 infected patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors and longitudinal changes of dyslipidemia among adult Chinese HIV-1 Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy

Song

Han

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background Despite an apparent decline in mortality of HIV-infected individuals due to the broad utilization of antiretroviral therapy (ART), life-long treatment is required accompanying with various metabolic abnormalities. Data about the epidemiology and the dynamic change of dyslipidemia in HIV-1 patients receiving antiretroviral therapy was restricted in Asian countries. The purpose was to explore the specific situation of dyslipidemia in adult Chinese HIV-1 Patients upon a multicenter clinical trial. Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis on patients enrolled in two large multicenter clinical trials across China and patients followed in the clinic of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH). Demographic data and clinical parameters were collected, risk factors and longitudinal changes of lipid profiles under different clinical settings associated with HIV-1 infection were analyzed. The definition of dyslipidemia was made based upon the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP) III guidelines. Results A total of 1942 patients were enrolled. The median follow-up was 6 years. At baseline, the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were 4.1 ± 0.96 mmol/L, 1.24 (interquartile ranges [IQR] 0.87–1.8) mmol/L, 1.11 ± 0.33 and 2.38 ± 0.78 mmol/L, respectively. The rate of hypercholesterolemia, hyperglyceridemia, high LDL-C and low HDL-C were 11.38%, 28.16%, 45.66% and 9.29%, respectively. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 69.3%, which raised to 84.3% after antiretroviral therapy, substantially higher. Risk factors of CD4/CD8 ratio less than 0.3 and viral load over 105 copies/mL for all types of dyslipidemia as well as a negative correlation between HDL-C concentration and CD8 + CD38 + percentage were found. Besides, regimens including efavirenz (EFV) and tenofovir (TDF) performed better lipid profiles. Longitudinal analysis revealed that both the rate of abnormal lipid indexes and concentration of lipid changed steeply in the first 6 months after ART initiation. Conclusions The prevalence of dyslipidemia was high in HIV-1 patients and elevated after antiretroviral therapy, mainly represented as high TG and low HDL-C, associating with advanced stage of HIV-1 infection. Lipid changed remarkably in the initial stage after ART therapy.

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Atherogenic index of plasma in highly active antiretroviral therapy-naïve patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Southeast Nigeria

Cited by 13 publications

References 22 publications

Prevalence of and factors associated with high atherogenic index among adults in Nairobi urban informal settlements: The AWI-Gen study

Prevalence of and factors associated with high atherogenic index among adults in Nairobi urban informal settlements: The AWI-Gen study

Atherogenic risk assessment of naive HIV-infected patients attending Infectious Diseases Service of Kinshasa University Teaching Hospital, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Risk factors and longitudinal changes of dyslipidemia among adult Chinese HIV-1 Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy

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