Atherosclerosis and sex hormones: current concepts

Villablanca, Amparo C.; Jayachandran, Muthuvel; Banka, Carole L.

doi:10.1042/cs20100248

Cited by 90 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 197 publications

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“…The incidence of cardiovascular diseases in women increases after 50 years of age (19). This increased risk can be attributed to a decline in the estrogen levels after the menopausal transition (20). The studies carried out in postmenopausal women have reported an inverse relation between estrogen levels, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis (21,22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subclinical Hypothyroidism is Associated with Atherogenic Lipid Profile in Postmenopausal Women

Godinjak¹,

Velija-Ašimi²,

Bureković³

et al. 2017

Turk J Endocrinol Metab

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IntroductionSubclinical hypothyroidism (SH) is defined as an elevated serum level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with the normal levels of free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) (1). Most patients are symptomless and have serum TSH levels <10 mU/L. In the studies conducted on the general population, the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism ranges from 4% to 15% (2). The preva-37 S Su ub bc cl li in ni ic ca al l H Hy yp po ot th hy yr ro oi id di is sm m i is s A As ss so oc ci ia at te ed d w wi it th h A At th he er ro og ge en ni ic c L Li ip pi id d P Pr ro ofi fil le e i in n P Po os st tm me en no op pa au us sa al l W Wo om me en n Purpose: To determine the prevalence and association of atherogenic lipid profile in postmenopausal women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Materials (Subjects) and Methods: This as a prospective clinical study included 140 postmenopausal women. In all subjects, basic sociodemographic and anthropometric data, hormonal status of the thyroid gland, and lipid profile were determined. The subjects were followed for a period of 30 months.Results: The subclinical hypothyroidism in postmenopausal women was significantly associated with higher levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, and lower HDL-C (p=0.009, p=0.01, p=0.023, p=0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the analysis of repeated measures showed that subclinical hypothyroidism, irrespective of age and duration of postmenopause, was associated with higher levels of serum cholesterol (

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subclinical Hypothyroidism is Associated with Atherogenic Lipid Profile in Postmenopausal Women

Godinjak¹,

Velija-Ašimi²,

Bureković³

et al. 2017

Turk J Endocrinol Metab

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“…Estradiol alone has little effect on the production of androgen receptor (Wynne and Khalil 2003). The concentration of AR is less in females than males and it appears to be regulated by a combination of estradiol and testosterone (Villablanca et al 2010). …”

Section: General Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…DHT has a higher affinity for AR and is converted from testosterone in target cells (Imperato-McGinley and Canovatchel 1992). Androgen receptors (AR) have been identified in vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSM), macrophages and monocytes (Villablanca et al 2010). Estradiol alone has little effect on the production of androgen receptor (Wynne and Khalil 2003).…”

Section: General Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Sex Hormones in Diabetic Retinopathy

Grigsby¹,

Allen²,

Culbert³

et al. 2012

Diabetic Retinopathy

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“…With the development of the research, scholars believe that androgen retard atherosclerosis of postmenopausal women, improve coronary heart disease and ischemic cerebral infarction prognosis [9].…”

Section: Coronary Heart Disease In Postmenopausal Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Androgen on Female Individuals

Yan¹,

Meng²,

Miao³

2016

Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Biomedical and Biological Engineering

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Objective: To investigate the effect of androgen on female individuals. Methods: In the physiological, pathological and pharmacological conditions, we summarize the role of androgen in female individuals, analyze its current research situation, and speculate the possible research direction. Results: It was found that androgen has important effects on the physiology, pathology and pharmacology of female. Conclusion: Androgen plays an important role in maintaining the normal physiological activities of female individuals; In the pathological state of the female, index of the androgen also changed, and further affected the condition of the disease; The drug with the function of androgen has a certain effect on the female, and it also has a certain effect on the treatment of female specific diseases, In the future such drug can be developed , and they can treat the disease of women.Androgen is a steroid hormone, and it's main form is testosterone (T) under the natural state, but only free testosterone has biological activity. In the female body, androgen is in a dynamic equilibrium state. The appropriate androgen secretion plays a very important role in the physiology and behavior of women. Effects of Androgen on Female Individuals Under Physiological ConditionsAfter puberty, the ovary can produce a certain amount of androgen with the development of the follicle. After menopause, sulfate DHEA in adrenal gland converted to androgen and estrogen in peripheral tissues. The effects of androgen on the female under physiological conditions are as follows:The male hormone at normal levels, can help women to keep good mood, and T concentrations of all kinds of abnormal conditions are likely to affect the mood. When the level of T is high in the womb of women, which will cause male style of behavior and ability [1].Androgen has a regulatory effect on bone growth and development, peak bone mass an bone mass. During puberty, androgen stimulation muscle and bone growth, accelerate the fusion of the epiphyseal cartilage. T and E2 have anti bone resorption effect in postmenopausal women, and it is easy to cause osteoporosis [2].The right amount of androgen in the female body has an important role in regulating follicle development and ovulation, through the regulation of different stages of granulosa cells and follicular cells, and then regulate the development and atresia of follicles. In the early stage of small sinus follicle development, it can increase the recruitment of follicles, play a certain role in the initiation and early development of follicles [3].In addition, the high level of T can lead to infertility.In addition, androgen to female cognition [4], material metabolism and sexual desire also has a great impact [5]. The content of testosterone in the tumor tissues of postmenopausal women with breast cancer was significantly higher than that in the postmenopausal women with breast cancer, which has a more important role in the development of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It is speculated that the e...

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Atherosclerosis and sex hormones: current concepts

Cited by 90 publications

References 197 publications

Subclinical Hypothyroidism is Associated with Atherogenic Lipid Profile in Postmenopausal Women

Subclinical Hypothyroidism is Associated with Atherogenic Lipid Profile in Postmenopausal Women

The Role of Sex Hormones in Diabetic Retinopathy

Effects of Androgen on Female Individuals

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