Atherosclerosis: Comparative Pathogenesis, Lipoprotein Metabolism, and Avian and Exotic Companion Mammal Models

Beaufrère, Hugues

doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2013.10.016

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 105 publications

(196 reference statements)

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“…Studies on poultry and several other animal models have demonstrated clear relationships between serum cholesterol, glucose and triglyceride concentrations and metabolic disorders, such as obesity, atherosclerosis, hepatic lipidosis and diabetes mellitus (Bavelaar & Beynen, ; Beaufrère, ; Moghadasian, ; Musa, Chen, Cheng, & Yousif, ; Petzinger & Bauer, ). An increases in fat intake can promote excess in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides (dyslipidaemia), and this in turn may induce lipoprotein oxidation, and blood leucocytes coupling to the endothelium, activating these cells inducing endothelia damage by reactive oxygen species, a propitious condition to atherogenesis (Beaufrère, ; Petzinger & Bauer, ). Besides this, in birds the dyslipidaemia increase lipogenesis, exceeding the liver capacity of synthesis and secretion of lipoproteins, which promote intrahepatic fat accumulation (hepatic lipidosis) (Visscher et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides this, in birds the dyslipidaemia increase lipogenesis, exceeding the liver capacity of synthesis and secretion of lipoproteins, which promote intrahepatic fat accumulation (hepatic lipidosis) (Visscher et al, ). Practical experience and epidemiological surveys have shown that these diseases are becoming increasingly frequent in psittacines (Rosskopf & Woerpel, ; Labonde, ; Bavelaar & Beynen, ; Werquin et al, ; Doneley, ; Beaufrère et al, ; Beaufrère, ; Beaufrère, ), highlighting the importance to establish diet conditions that avoid increased serum triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High energy and fat intake combined with limited opportunities for physical activity in captivity can result in obesity and associated metabolic disorders (Werquin, De Cock, & Ghysels, ). Obesity, atherosclerosis, hepatic lipidosis and diabetes mellitus are commonly reported in parrots (Rosskopf & Woerpel, ; Labonde, ; Bavelaar & Beynen, ; Doneley, ; Beaufrère, ), accounting for a significant proportion of their medical problems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feed processing effects on digestibility, palatability, excreta fermentation products and blood parameters in blue‐fronted amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva)^†

Santo

Braos

Kawanami

et al. 2018

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Captive parrots show a high incidence of obesity and other metabolic disorders due to the consumption of unbalanced diets. Therefore, this study evaluated the digestibility and metabolic effects of transitioning blue‐fronted amazons from a high fat diet (sunflower seeds) to processed diets with three degrees of starch gelatinization (SG). The same feed formulation was processed to obtain pelletized feed (PEL) at 27.1% SG; low‐cooked extruded feed (EXTL) at 81.6% SG; and high‐cooked extruded feed (EXTH) at 98.5% SG. Thirty adult parrots were fed sunflower seeds for 90 days, then were distributed in a completely randomized design with 10 repetitions per treatment, and fed one of the three prepared diets for 160 days. Feed palatability, apparent digestibility, excreta concentrations of volatile fatty acids, lactate and ammonia, initial and final radiographic examinations, blood cell counts and glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and uric acid levels were evaluated. The data were analysed by an analysis of variance and compared by Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Sunflower seed was more digestible than processed feeds (p < 0.05). Diet processing interfered with fat and starch digestibility (p < 0.001), being higher in the PEL than in the EXTH and EXTL respectively. Transitioning from sunflower seeds to balanced diets reduced serum glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and AST (p < 0.05) and increased red blood cell, haemoglobin, lymphocyte, monocyte and leucocyte counts (p < 0.01). Radiographs indicated a decreased hourglass (p = 0.015) and a reduced heart‐liver ratio after ingesting the processed feeds (p < 0.05). Feed processing did not affect blood cell counts, serum biochemistry or radiographic examinations. In conclusion, parrots preferred the extruded diet and did not require an extensive SG to properly digest the feed. Consuming the processed diets improved the birds’ metabolism and health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feed processing effects on digestibility, palatability, excreta fermentation products and blood parameters in blue‐fronted amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva)^†

Santo

Braos

Kawanami

et al. 2018

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…It has been suggested that this property prevents the hepatocytes from being swamped by dietary fat, but makes the chicken susceptible to diet-induced atherosclerosis (Fraser et al, 1986). As in women, oestrogen reduces atherosclerosis in chickens, mainly in the coronary arteries (Beaufrère, 2013;Petzinger and Bauer, 2013). The fenestrated endothelial cells act as a liver sieve by allowing macromolecules and chylomicrons to traverse through their fenestrations (sieve plates) to hepatocytes.…”

Section: Hepatic Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens: Field and Experimental Investigations

Shini¹

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Field and experimental investigations were conducted to study the fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in caged laying hens. The main goal of the research was to gain a greater understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of this non-infectious disease. The disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of fat in the liver and abdominal cavity, subsequent liver rupture, haemorrhage and sudden death of hens. It has been shown that the balance between hepatic synthesis and secretion of lipids is the key point that regulates hepatic and extrahepatic fat deposition in hens. Liver fat accumulation can be increased by many factors, especially nutrition, housing conditions, and inflammatory challenges. A description of normal and abnormal lipid metabolism in the hen, and consequences for hen health and disease (including FLHS) is given in the literature review (Chapter 2).The initial study examined mortality of layer flocks kept in three different housing systems (cage, barn and free range) on the Gatton Campus, University of Queensland (Chapter 4). It was shown that there were no significant differences in mortality rates of hens (6.1%, 6.4% and 5.8%, for cages, barns and free range, respectively) between the housing systems but the causes of death were different. The most common cause of death in hens kept in cages was FLHS with 74% of dead hens dying from the condition. In contrast, FLHS only accounted for 0 to 5% of hen mortality in the other systems. Post-mortem of dead hens and body weight monitoring of flocks throughout the laying cycle were recommended as tools to predict FLHS.An epidemiological survey (Chapter 5) of caged flocks in South-Eastern Queensland was undertaken to explore the prevalence of FLHS in commercial layer flocks. From necropsies of dead birds from 7 flocks of different ages, it was found that approximately 40% of hens died due to FLHS. This result indicated that FLHS continues to be the major cause of mortality in commercial caged laying hens kept in either controlled environment sheds or naturally ventilated sheds. As part of the epidemiological study, a questionnaire was circulated among farms and the responses revealed that there is a general lack of knowledge of FLHS in the industry.The study of the pathogenesis of FLHS is very difficult as it occurs sporadically and over an extended period of time in the field. In the studies in Chapter 6, an oestradiol (E 2 ) hen model was used to study the condition. The administration of exogenous E 2 reproduced the disease in 30 wk old laying hens, and was associated with significant changes in E 2 plasma levels and metabolic iv profiles, increased liver weights, and macroscopic (fat depositions, haemorrhages and haematomas) and microscopic alterations. Hens exposed to E 2 and fed ad libitum diet experienced severe FLHS and had a higher incidence of FLHS than hens that had their feed intake restricted by 10%. One interesting observation from this study (not reported from other investigators) was the alteration of total leukocyte n...

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“…Statins and fibrates are the main lipid-lowering drugs prescribed to human patients. [17][18][19] Because increased cholesterol level has been identified as a potential risk factor in both naturally and experimentally occurring atherosclerotic disease, and associated pathologic lesions are common in captive parrots, the use of statins may provide therapeutic benefits in pet psittacine birds. 12 A large recent epidemiologic study determined that the prevalence of atherosclerosis is high in captive psittacine species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Drug Concentrations of Orally Administered Rosuvastatin in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis)

Beaufrère¹,

Papich²,

Brandão³

et al. 2015

Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery

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Atherosclerotic diseases are common in pet psittacine birds, in particular Amazon parrots. While hypercholesterolemia and dyslipidemia have not definitely been associated with increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis in parrots, these are important and well-known risk factors in humans. Therefore statin drugs such as rosuvastatin constitute the mainstay of human treatment of dyslipidemia and the prevention of atherosclerosis. No pharmacologic studies have been performed in psittacine birds despite the high prevalence of atherosclerosis in captivity. Thirteen Hispaniolan Amazon parrots were used to test a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg of rosuvastatin with blood sampling performed according to a balanced incomplete block design over 36 hours. Because low plasma concentrations were produced in the first study, a subsequent pilot study using a dose of 25 mg/kg in 2 Amazon parrots was performed. Most plasma samples for the 10 mg/kg dose and all samples for the 25 mg/kg dose had rosuvastatin concentration below the limits of quantitation. For the 10 mg/kg study, the median peak plasma concentration and time to peak plasma concentration were 0.032 μg/mL and 2 hours, respectively. Our results indicate that rosuvastatin does not appear suitable in Amazon parrots as compounded and used at the dose in this study. Pharmacodynamic studies investigating lipid-lowering effects of statins rather than pharmacokinetic studies may be more practical and cost effective in future studies to screen for a statin with more ideal properties for potential use in psittacine dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic diseases.

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Atherosclerosis: Comparative Pathogenesis, Lipoprotein Metabolism, and Avian and Exotic Companion Mammal Models

Cited by 20 publications

References 105 publications

Feed processing effects on digestibility, palatability, excreta fermentation products and blood parameters in blue‐fronted amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva)^†

Feed processing effects on digestibility, palatability, excreta fermentation products and blood parameters in blue‐fronted amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva)^†

Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens: Field and Experimental Investigations

Plasma Drug Concentrations of Orally Administered Rosuvastatin in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis)

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Atherosclerosis: Comparative Pathogenesis, Lipoprotein Metabolism, and Avian and Exotic Companion Mammal Models

Cited by 20 publications

References 105 publications

Feed processing effects on digestibility, palatability, excreta fermentation products and blood parameters in blue‐fronted amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva)†

Feed processing effects on digestibility, palatability, excreta fermentation products and blood parameters in blue‐fronted amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva)†

Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens: Field and Experimental Investigations

Plasma Drug Concentrations of Orally Administered Rosuvastatin in Hispaniolan Amazon Parrots (Amazona ventralis)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Feed processing effects on digestibility, palatability, excreta fermentation products and blood parameters in blue‐fronted amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva)^†

Feed processing effects on digestibility, palatability, excreta fermentation products and blood parameters in blue‐fronted amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva)^†