Atherosclerosis in parrots. A review

., F.J. Bavelaar; Beynen, A.C.

doi:10.1080/01652176.2004.9695168

Cited by 88 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The recognition of a high incidence of atherosclerosis in birds [2,3,31] has generated an interest in developing imaging modalities that will help identify lesions antemortem. Atherosclerosis has been reported in many avian orders, but Psittaciformes [32] and Anseriformes such as ducks and geese [32] appear to be particularly susceptible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas, vascular diseases in birds are not uncommon, according to findings from postmortem surveys but cardiovascular diseases are common in avian species [2][3][4][5][6] which can be diagnosed with echocardiography in antemortem period. In veterinary medicine, echocardiographic examination has become a very important diagnostic tool, and is indicated for assessment of cardiac function and the structure of the heart.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dört Aylık Erkek Devekuşu (Struthio camelus) Normal Ekokardiyografik Bulguları

Yadegari¹,

Rezakhani²,

Gholami‐Ahangaran³

et al. 2013

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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SummaryEchocardiography in birds is a useful and competent technique for morphological and functional cardiac assessment. The aim of this study was to establish normal reference echocardiographic values for ostrich. Echocardiographic parameters from 25 apparently healthy male and almost 4 month old ostrich were chosen for this experiment. Echocardiography was prepared from the second and third intercostals space and over the sternum. The mean and standard deviation was calculated for each parameter. The values obtained are: The left ventricular internal diameter at end systole and end diastole was 1.50±0.2 and 2.70±0.16 cm; left ventricular free wall at end systole and end diastole was 0.89±0.04 and 0.62±0.03 cm; inter ventricular septum at end systole and end diastole was 0.99±0.81 and 0.65±0.11 cm, respectively. The stroke volume was 20.98±2.56 cm 3 and fractional shortening was 44.41±0.53%. Normal echocardiographic values in the healthy birds may be used as early diagnostic and prognostic values in ostriches with cardiac diseases. Keywords: Ostrich, Echocardiography, Male, Age Dört Aylık Erkek Devekuşu (Struthio camelus)Normal Ekokardiyografik Bulguları ÖzetKuşlarda ekokardiyografi morfolojik ve fonksiyonel olarak kalbin değerlendirmesinde yararlı ve geçerli bir tekniktir. Bu çalışmanın amacı devekuşu için normal ekokardiyografik değerleri ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada görünüşte sağlıklı 4 yaşlı 25 adet erkek devekuşunun ekokardiyografik bulguları kullanıldı. Ekokardiyografi sternumun üzerinden ikinci ve üçüncü interkostal aralıktan sağlandı. Her parametre için ortalama ve standart sapma hesaplandı. Elde edilen değerler: sol ventrikül iç çapı sistol ve diastol sonunda sırasıyla 1.50±0.2 ve 2.70±0.16 cm; sol ventrikül serbest duvarı sistol ve diastol sonrasında sırasıyla 0.89±0.04 ve 0.62±0.03 cm; interventriküler septurm sistol ve diastol sonunda sırasıyla 0.99±0.81 ve 0.65±0.11 cm olarak kaydedildi. Kalp atım hacmi 20.98±2.56 cm 3 ve fraksiyonel kısalma 44.41±0.53% olarak belirlendi. Sağlıklı devekuşlarının normal ekokardiyografik değerleri bu hayvanların kalp hastalıklarında erken tanı ve prognostik amaçlı kullanılabilir.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dört Aylık Erkek Devekuşu (Struthio camelus) Normal Ekokardiyografik Bulguları

Yadegari¹,

Rezakhani²,

Gholami‐Ahangaran³

et al. 2013

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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“…The prevalence of atherosclerosis in psittacines, reported from post-mortem surveys, ranges from 2.6 to 91.8% depending on the geographical areas, the time span of the study, the species, and the inclusion criteria (Garner & Raymond 2003;Bavelaar & Beynen, 2004;KrautwaldJunghanns et al, 2004;Fricke et al, 2009). Prevalences by age groups are unknown but the prevalence and severity of the lesions appear increased in older psittacine birds (Bavelaar & Beynen, 2004;Fricke et al, 2009). All psittacine species appear susceptible but the disease is most frequently reported in Amazon parrots (-Amazona spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and classification of psittacine atherosclerotic lesions by histopathology, digital image analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopy

Beaufrère¹,

Nevarez²,

Holder

et al. 2011

Avian Pathology

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Atherosclerosis is a degenerative and inflammatory vascular disease characterized in mammals and birds by the accumulation of inflammatory cells, lipids, calcium, and formation of large fibrofatty lesions within the intima of arteries resulting in the disorganization of the arterial wall and stenosis of the lumen. Despite the high incidence of atherosclerosis in parrots and the high number of case reports, there are few pathologic investigations and the ultrastructural study of the lesions has not been documented. Sixty-three major arteries were collected from 24 psittacine birds of 11 species during routine post-mortem examinations. Samples from the major arteries were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde and 1.25% glutaraldehyde, and processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additional samples were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin for histological examination. Additional histochemical stains for calcium, elastic fibres, and lipid were performed. Toluidine blue-stained 0.5 mm-thick resin sections were also obtained. Digital image analysis was performed to provide objective quantitative information on the different lesions. The histopathology and ultrastructure of psittacine atherosclerosis were found to be similar to other avian and mammalian species. Seven lesion types could be described, which were similar to the human classification system. Digital image analysis, TEM, and SEM helped to further describe the lesions and refine the classification system. TEM findings were similar to other avian and mammalian species with the notable presence of macrophage-derived and smooth muscle cellderived foam cells and extracellular lipid. SEM revealed various stages of endothelial surface defects and, occasionally, adherent blood cells.

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“…1,4,6,7,11,22,24 Many components of the vascular, metabolic, and immune systems are involved in this process. 2,6,[9][10][11][12]16,[22][23][24] Buildup of material and infiltrates leads to vascular remodeling, acute and chronic luminal obstruction, abnormalities of blood flow, and diminished oxygen supply to target organs.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…?show "fnote_aff1"$^! "content-markup(./author-grp [1]/aff|./author-grp [1]/dept-list)> A 0.4 kg, 2-year-old, male, captive-born central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) was presented with a 3-week history of anorexia, extreme lethargy, and postural abnormality. The animal was purchased in a pet store and lived in isolation in a terrarium.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Atherosclerosis Associated with Pericardial Effusion in a Central Bearded Dragon (Pogona Vitticeps)

Schilliger¹,

Lemberger²,

Chai

et al. 2010

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract. Atherosclerosis is a common disease in pet birds, particularly in psittacines, and is frequently found when performing postmortem examinations on adult and old dogs, in which it is mainly associated with endocrine diseases, such as hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus. However, atherosclerosis is poorly documented in reptiles and consequently poorly understood. In the current case report, atherosclerosis and pericardial effusion were diagnosed in a 2-year-old male central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) based on ultrasound visualization, necropsy, and histologic examination.Key words: Atherosclerosis; bearded dragons; echocardiography; exotic pets; lizards; reptiles.A 0.4 kg, 2-year-old, male, captive-born central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) was presented with a 3-week history of anorexia, extreme lethargy, and postural abnormality. The animal was purchased in a pet store and lived in isolation in a terrarium. Upon questioning, the owner described the general husbandry as adequate and appropriate in terms of ultraviolet B exposure, photoperiod, humidity, substrate, and temperature gradients. However, the animal's diet was unbalanced, consisting essentially of house crickets (Acheta domesticus), yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), kingworm beetles (Zophobas morio), and greater wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella). Vegetables, necessary for the omnivorous requirements of this species, were rarely if ever given.Physical examination revealed scoliosis, poor body condition, and lethargy. No additional abnormal findings were observed on physical examination. Auscultation revealed a normal heart rate (60 beats/min) and a regular cardiac rhythm. 25No biochemical abnormalities were noted except mild hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia (Table 1).5 Cardiomegaly was observed on survey thoracic radiographs (Fig. 1). 21 No lytic or proliferative osseous lesions were observed in association with the scoliosis. A 2-dimensional echocardiographic examination was performed in ventrodorsal recumbency using a ventral approach (Hochleitner C, Hochleitner M: 2004, Ultrasound in reptiles. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian Amphibian Veterinarians, pp. 41-44. Naples, FL). a,3,8,15,17,19,20 The apical, transventricular, and subarterial short-axis sections of the heart revealed pericardial effusion, normal myocardium, and a 3 mm 3 4 mm mass located close to the aortic arches and the pulmonary trunk, surrounded by anechoic liquid (Fig. 2). A long-axis transarterial section revealed normal atrioventricular junctions.

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Atherosclerosis in parrots. A review

Cited by 88 publications

References 38 publications

Dört Aylık Erkek Devekuşu (Struthio camelus) Normal Ekokardiyografik Bulguları

Dört Aylık Erkek Devekuşu (Struthio camelus) Normal Ekokardiyografik Bulguları

Characterization and classification of psittacine atherosclerotic lesions by histopathology, digital image analysis, transmission and scanning electron microscopy

Atherosclerosis Associated with Pericardial Effusion in a Central Bearded Dragon (Pogona Vitticeps)

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