Athlete or Non-athlete? This Is the Question in Body Composition

Campa, Francesco; Coratella, Giuseppe

doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.814572

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The problem of recognizing exercisers who, having body composition characteristics similar to those of athletes, would benefit from specific prediction formulas for athletes even if they do not fall into this category, has recently been discussed [ 18 ]. In this regard, evaluating phase angle as a pre-screening biomarker may help to identify subjects with bioelectrical and body composition characteristics similar to the athletic population rather than to those of the general population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to previous studies [ 1 , 24 ], the participants were sorted into three groups of sport modalities: endurance (cycling, marathon, pentathlon, sailing, ski, rowing, and triathlon), velocity/power (athletics including jumping, throwing, short-distance running; badminton; boxing; judo; karate; kickboxing; rhythmic gymnastics; swimming including short-distance swimming; and tennis), and team sports (basketball, field hockey, handball, rugby, soccer, volleyball, and water polo). Since they cannot be considered as athletes [ 18 ], soccer referees and CrossFit exercisers were not included in any of the three sports modalities. All subjects were informed of the study design before giving written informed consent to participate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relationships between phase angle and body composition have led to a call for methods that leverage phase angle data to track athletic performance and health over a season [ 18 ]. To date, reference phase angle values are available for the general and elderly population [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference Percentiles for Bioelectrical Phase Angle in Athletes

Campa

Thomas

Watts

et al. 2022

Biology

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The present study aimed to develop reference values for bioelectrical phase angle in male and female athletes from different sports. Overall, 2224 subjects participated in this study [1658 males (age 26.2 ± 8.9 y) and 566 females (age 26.9 ± 6.6 y)]. Participants were categorized by their sport discipline and sorted into three different sport modalities: endurance, velocity/power, and team sports. Phase angle was directly measured using a foot-to-hand bioimpedance technology at a 50 kHz frequency during the in-season period. Reference percentiles (5th, 15th, 50th, 85th, and 95th) were calculated and stratified by sex, sport discipline and modality using an empirical Bayesian analysis. This method allows for the sharing of information between different groups, creating reference percentiles, even for sports disciplines with few observations. Phase angle differed (men: p < 0.001; women: p = 0.003) among the three sport modalities, where endurance athletes showed a lower value than the other groups (men: vs. velocity/power: p = 0.010, 95% CI = −0.43 to −0.04; vs. team sports: p < 0.001, 95% CI = −0.48 to −0.02; women: vs. velocity/power: p = 0.002, 95% CI = −0.59 to −0.10; vs. team sports: p = 0.015, 95% CI = −0.52 to −0.04). Male athletes showed a higher phase angle than female athletes within each sport modality (endurance: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.14; velocity/power: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.68 to 1.07; team sports: p < 0.01, 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.23). We derived phase angle reference percentiles for endurance, velocity/power, and team sports athletes. Additionally, we calculated sex-specific references for a total of 22 and 19 sport disciplines for male and female athletes, respectively. This study provides sex- and sport-specific percentiles for phase angle that can track body composition and performance-related parameters in athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reference Percentiles for Bioelectrical Phase Angle in Athletes

Campa

Thomas

Watts

et al. 2022

Biology

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“…However, athletes have been shown to differ from non-athlete populations in a variety of factors ranging from biological changes [ 14 , 15 ] to differences in physical and social perceptions [ 16 , 17 ]. Qualitative data suggest the contextual factors related to being an athlete impact how they perceive and experience an injury [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

I expected to be pain free: a qualitative study exploring athletes’ expectations and experiences of care received by sports chiropractors

et al. 2022

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Background Knowledge about patient satisfaction and experience with care they receive can guide practitioners in establishing doctor-patient relationships and improve health outcomes. Although evidence suggests high patient satisfaction with chiropractic care in general, there is limited understanding of the expectations and experiences of athletes receiving sports chiropractic care. Objective To explore the athletes’ expectations and experiences with care received from sports chiropractors, and their perceptions of relevant areas of future research. Methods A qualitative study was conducted through an interpretivist lens exploring the perspectives of elite and competitive athletes receiving care from sports chiropractors in Canada. Participants were purposively recruited and interviewed until saturation was reached. Two research team members independently analyzed the interview transcripts using a conventional approach to content analysis. Content was inductively coded and discussed by the research team to generate categories. Results We interviewed 18 participants between December 2018 and March 2020, 14 were national level athletes participating in sports ranging from paddling to combat sports. Reported reasons for seeking care included acute care, injury prevention, enhancing performance and maintenance care. Generated categories were organized under topics of experience with care, expectations of care, and research agenda. Participants experienced a variety of interventions, reassurance, varying treatment times, and reported positive impact on their athletic performance. They expected musculoskeletal assessment and treatment including at and beyond the injury site, symptom improvement, good communication and expertise from the chiropractor. Some participants suggested interpersonal and interprofessional communication can be improved, in particular the level of collaboration with other members of their health care team. Overall, participants reported a high level of trust and satisfaction with care received from sports chiropractors. From our participants’ perspective, suggested areas of research should focus on injury mechanics and prevention, impact of care on performance, and interprofessional collaboration. Conclusions In general, participants were very satisfied with care. Overall, participants’ expectations and experiences aligned but changed over time. Addressing the findings of this study can be used to enhance the quality of care provided to athletes from sports chiropractors, as well as inform future research agendas. Further work assessing if athletes in other competitive levels have similar experiences and expectations is needed.

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“…It should be noted that the option for non-athletes is based on possible differences in body composition found in athletes, which can be defined as people in competitive sporting events individually or in engaged teams, with high physical performance and specific training methods ( 26 , 27 ). Although there are people who, despite not being athletes, may present body composition characteristics similar to those of athletes ( 28 ), they could be included in the study because they are conceptually recognized as non-athletes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance

et al. 2022

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The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is one of the most commonly used techniques for assessing body composition in a clinical setting and in field approaches, as it has the advantages of easy application, fast, and non-invasive, in addition to its relatively low cost. However, the available predictive equations need to be valid for the evaluated subjects. The aim of this study was to verify the validity of several published BIA equations in estimating fat-free mass (FFM) among Brazilian adolescents, in addition to developing and cross-validating a BIA equation to estimate FFM appropriate for Brazilian adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with 257 adolescents (128 girls) aged 10–19 years, randomly divided into two groups, namely, development (n = 172) and cross-validation (n = 85). The standard technique for assessing FFM was dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The paired t-test, multiple regression, and the Bland-Altman plots were used to test the validity of the proposed models and to perform cross-validation of the model. The equation derived in this study was as follows: FFM = −17.189 + 0.498 (Height2/Resistance) + 0.226 Weight + 0.071 Reactance − 2.378 Sex + 0.097 Height + 0.222 Age; r2 = 0.92; standard error of the estimate = 2.49 kg; the new equation for FFM showed better agreement when compared with that of the equations developed in other countries. In conclusion, the newly developed equations provide a valid FFM estimation and are recommended for Brazilian adolescents with similar characteristics.

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Athlete or Non-athlete? This Is the Question in Body Composition

Cited by 19 publications

References 22 publications

Reference Percentiles for Bioelectrical Phase Angle in Athletes

Reference Percentiles for Bioelectrical Phase Angle in Athletes

I expected to be pain free: a qualitative study exploring athletes’ expectations and experiences of care received by sports chiropractors

Development and Cross-Validation of a Predictive Equation for Fat-Free Mass in Brazilian Adolescents by Bioelectrical Impedance

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