Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones

Peeling, Peter; Dawson, Brian; Goodman, Carmél; Landers, Grant; Trinder, Debbie

doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0726-6

Cited by 248 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(137 reference statements)

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“…Raised IL-6 levels during strenuous exercise can be associated with cardiac damage (13) and can cause hepcidin alterations in the heart (14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interleukin-6 and hepcidin expression changes in cardiac tissue of long-term trained and untrained rats after exhaustive exercise*

Sarikaya¹,

Dursun²,

Deveden³

et al. 2017

Turk J Med Sci

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IntroductionExercise in daily life is conducted for elite sports performance, maintenance of health, and management of disease and disability, among other reasons (1). As a physical stress, exercise challenges homeostasis, and the body generates an acute and subclinical inflammatory response to it (2). However, many studies have demonstrated that regular exercise is associated with a reduction in the longterm risk of myocardial events (3).Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that is produced during strenuous exercise more than any other proinflammatory or antiinflammatory cytokines and may be involved in mediating exercise-related metabolic changes (4). An increase in cytokines such as IL-6, systemic inflammation (5), and oxidative stress induced by strenuous exercise has been suggested to lead to cardiomyocyte dysfunction and cardiac injury (3).Severe exercise yields an increase in cytokine production, especially that of IL-6, which is the predominate mediator of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin (6). Hepcidin activity may be elevated at the conclusion of physical activity as a result of exercise-induced inflammation (7). Additionally, plasma IL-6 could be involved in the exercise-induced increase in hepcidin gene expression (8). Hepcidin is secreted in response to iron overload and/or inflammation and hypoxia. Its preventive role in cardiac injury has been suggested in several studies (9). It is hypothesized that training attenuates the IL-6 increase due Background/aim: Exercise benefits the cardiovascular system, but strenuous exercise can cause cardiac damage and induce cytokine production, particularly that of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Hepcidin, which is primarily regulated by IL-6, increases after exercise. Hepcidin is a possible protective factor against the adverse effects of strenuous exercise such as oxidative stress. The aim of the study is to reveal that training increases hepcidin and attenuates increased levels of IL-6 in the hearts of exhaustively exercised rats by comparing the IL-6 and hepcidin mRNA expression levels in trained and untrained groups.Materials and methods: Thirty male Wistar albino rats were assigned to the following groups: sedentary controls (Con); untrained animals that acutely completed exhaustive exercise and were sacrificed immediately after exhaustion (UT-i) or 1 day after exhaustion (UT-1); and long-term trained animals that completed exhaustive exercise and were sacrificed immediately after exhaustion (T-i) or 1 day after exhaustion (T-1). mRNA levels were examined by reverse transcription PCR.Results: IL-6 levels significantly increased in the UT-i, T-i, and T-1 groups compared to the Con group (P = 0.000, P = 0.024, P = 0.001), with maximal IL-6 expression found in the UT-i group. Hepcidin levels significantly increased in the T-1 group (P = 0.000) compared to the control. Conclusion:Increased IL-6 levels in rats show that exhaustive exercise can cause cardiac inflammation. However, long-term training attenuated the severity of the inflammation. The possible protective effe...

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“…Raised IL-6 levels during strenuous exercise can be associated with cardiac damage (13) and can cause hepcidin alterations in the heart (14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interleukin-6 and hepcidin expression changes in cardiac tissue of long-term trained and untrained rats after exhaustive exercise*

Sarikaya¹,

Dursun²,

Deveden³

et al. 2017

Turk J Med Sci

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show abstract

“…Although ferritin is the basic indicator of iron stores, its use as the sole index of iron status may not be sufficient, especially in health disorders, due to ferritin is an acute-phase protein [4,9,22]. Therefore, all results recorded in subjects exhibiting signs of infection or inflammatory states (concentration of CRP exceeding 8 mg/l and/or increased blood sedimentation rate) were omitted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The crosscountry skiers performed predominantly aerobic work, the anaerobic threshold being rarely exceeded. Endurance exercises, in which the concentric work prevails, may cause less muscle damage and inflammation than the eccentric ones [18,22]; therefore, in sports like judo, the concentric/eccentric and isometric work, as well as multiple, short anaerobic bouts, may enhance muscle damage including a progressing inflammatory process, and an increased generation of ferritin as an acute-phase protein.…”

Section: ±1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of exercise on the markers of iron status in serum of cross-country skiers

Malczewska-Lenczowska¹,

Stupnicki²,

Gabryś³

2010

Biol Sport

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“…Therefore, this concept is questioned and its contributory role to IDA is, most likely, minimal. 6 In conclusion, exercise-induced anaemia must be considered in young female adults with unexplained IDA. A thorough history taking is warranted in order to uncover this, often forgotten, cause of anaemia and may prevent unnecessary diagnostic invasive procedures.…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 98%

“…[6][7][8] Increased pro-inflammatory markers, occult blood loss in urine and faeces, and a decreased haptoglobin level are observed in patients immediately after intensive training (<24 hours). 6,9 Iron loss due to excessive sweating has also been proposed as an underlying mechanism. Although high levels of iron have been measured in sweat, this iron is probably derived from or contaminated by cellular debris.…”

Section: Casementioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-induced anaemia: a forgotten cause of iron deficiency anaemia in young adults

Wouthuyzen-Bakker¹,

Assen²

2015

Br J Gen Pract

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Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones

Cited by 248 publications

References 83 publications

Interleukin-6 and hepcidin expression changes in cardiac tissue of long-term trained and untrained rats after exhaustive exercise*

Interleukin-6 and hepcidin expression changes in cardiac tissue of long-term trained and untrained rats after exhaustive exercise*

Effects of exercise on the markers of iron status in serum of cross-country skiers

Exercise-induced anaemia: a forgotten cause of iron deficiency anaemia in young adults

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