Atlas of Macroscopic Wood Identification

Ruffinatto, Flavio; Crivellaro, Alan

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23566-6

Cited by 29 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The 1 mm 2 square in Figure 12B was drawn on the phone screen during equipment calibration. Combined use of lenses attached to a smartphone therefore not only complement traditional observation under 10× magnification of macroscopic features such as those described in other Combined use of lenses attached to a smartphone therefore not only complement traditional observation under 10× magnification of macroscopic features such as those described in other publications [48], but also enables biometry and photo capture in situ. This considerably reduces the time normally required for these tasks and allows agents responsible for monitoring the international timber trade, especially of wood listed in the CITES appendices, to raise an early warning.…”

Section: Biometrymentioning

confidence: 83%

Using Lenses Attached to a Smartphone as a Macroscopic Early Warning Tool in the Illegal Timber Trade, in Particular for CITES-Listed Species

Palacios

Esteban

Gasson

et al. 2020

Forests

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Wood anatomy is a key discipline as a tool for monitoring the global timber trade, particularly for wood listed in protected species conventions such as Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). One of the main barriers to reducing illegal trafficking of protected species is ensuring that customs officials with appropriate training in wood anatomy are equipped with simple tools, at both the origin and destination of shipments, so they can raise an early warning about wood suspected of contravening international treaties and immediately send samples to a specialised laboratory. This work explains how lenses attached to a smartphone, capable of achieving up to 400× magnification using the phone digital zoom, can be used to distinguish features that are not visible with traditional 10× or 12× lenses, enhancing the capacity to view features not typically observable in the field. In softwoods, for example, this method permits determination of the type of axial parenchyma arrangement, whether there are helical thickenings in axial tracheids and whether axial tracheids have organic deposits or contain alternate polygonal pits, and in the rays, if the tracheids are smooth-walled or dentate and if the cross-field pits are window-like. In hardwoods, it allows verification of the presence of tyloses and deposits in vessels, the type of perforation plates and whether the intervascular pitting is scalariform; in the rays it is possible to differentiate the types of ray cells; and in the axial parenchyma, to determine the presence of oil cells. In addition, unlike macroscopic analysis with a conventional magnifying lens, this type of lens can be used with the appropriate mobile application for the biometry of important elements such as ray height and vessel diameter.

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Section: Biometrymentioning

confidence: 83%

Using Lenses Attached to a Smartphone as a Macroscopic Early Warning Tool in the Illegal Timber Trade, in Particular for CITES-Listed Species

Palacios

Esteban

Gasson

et al. 2020

Forests

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“…High‐resolution microCT allowed the wood species to be determined as belonging to Fagus sylvatica (Ruffinatto & Crivellaro, 2019: 197) (see Material S5 in the additional supporting information). The radiocarbon age obtained from a fragment of the sheath (930 ± 60 BP) was calibrated using the OxCal v 4.4 and IntCal20 calibration curve (Bronk Ramsey, 2009; Bronk Ramsey et al, 2020; Reimer et al, 2020), giving a range spanning between 1016 CE and 1225 cal.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beached swords from Marano Lagoon (northern Adriatic) reveal ancient land–sea connections and recent coastal evolution

Vinci

Fontana

Musina³

et al. 2022

Archaeometry

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Depositional and erosional processes, subsidence and sea-level changes have strongly modified the coastal landscape of northern Adriatic lagoons. Such rapid transformations have induced significant consequences on human settlements and, thus, on the archaeological visibility of the area, still largely unexplored. We present here six metal swords fortuitously retrieved by fishermen over the last decades in front of the barrier islands of Marano Lagoon (north-eastern Italy). Multi-analytical analyses carried out on the artefacts (X-ray radiography and computed micro-tomography, radiocarbon dating and typo-chronology) combined with the study of the coastal

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“…Nothofagus ; for further information see: Patel, 1986 and Poole, 2002), following the most recently accepted classification of oaks (Denk et al, 2017), including also the work of Carlquist (2001), other literature resources (Carlquist and Hoekman (1985); Cutler (1964); Forman (1964); Forman and Cutler (1967); Gupta and Gupta (2020); Kubitzki, Rohwer, and Bittrich (1993); Lee (1968); Lemmens, Soerianegara, and Wong (1995); Pearson and Brown (1932); Serdar and Mazlum (2014); Sharma et al (2011); Sharma, Sharma, Kharkongor, and Carter (2011); Sharma, Shylla, and Sharma (2017); Shimaji (1952, 1954a,b, 1959, 1962); Sudworth and Mell (1911); Manos, Cannon, and Oh (2008); Melville (1982); Mennega (1980); Metcalfe and Chalk (1965); Nixon (2007); Pande et al (2005); Phromprasit et al (2016); Tillson and Muller (1942), observations from atlases (e.g. Akkemik & Yaman, 2012; Grosser, 1977; Ilic, 1991; Ilvessalo‐Pfäffli, 1995; Ruffinatto & Crivellaro, 2019; Schweingruber, 1990) and InsideWood Web site (InsideWood, 2004–onwards), and corrections regarding the validity of the species (concluding to their position in the new classification) from The Plant List (2013):…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The first report of an ‘evergreen Castanopsis type’ wood (Fagaceae) for the Late Miocene–Early Pliocene of Europe (Bulgaria, Blagoevgrad Graben)

2020

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In the present article, the establishment of the species Castanopsis: C. bulgarica Mantzouka, Ivanov, and Bozukov is proposed after the study of a new fagaceous fossil wood stem discovered in 2016 from a new Late Miocene to Early Pliocene plant fossiliferous locality east of Boboshevo town, south‐west Bulgaria. A detailed palaeoxylotomical study of the fossil wood revealed characteristics of the ‘evergreen Quercus type’ (e.g. the gradual porosity of the vessels, the existence of two types of rays: uniseriate and multiseriate aggregate, the oval shape of the solitary vessels outline, the occurrence of tracheids) as well as heterocellular compound‐aggregate rays, typical for Castanopsis. Similarities and differences of the anatomical characteristics/features of the studied specimen with the descriptions of the fossil representatives of Fagaceae (Quercoxylon, Lithocarpoxylon, and Castanopsis) along with its botanical affinities are discussed. A taxonomic list of the Bulgarian fossil fagaceous record of the same age and their nearest living relatives is provided. Emended xylotomical keys with the addition of Castanopsis have been created. Moreover, the presence of evergreen Castanopsis species with heterocellular rays of two distinct sizes in the fossil record of the ‘evergreen oak woods’ is supported.

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Atlas of Macroscopic Wood Identification

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Using Lenses Attached to a Smartphone as a Macroscopic Early Warning Tool in the Illegal Timber Trade, in Particular for CITES-Listed Species

Using Lenses Attached to a Smartphone as a Macroscopic Early Warning Tool in the Illegal Timber Trade, in Particular for CITES-Listed Species

Beached swords from Marano Lagoon (northern Adriatic) reveal ancient land–sea connections and recent coastal evolution

The first report of an ‘evergreen Castanopsis type’ wood (Fagaceae) for the Late Miocene–Early Pliocene of Europe (Bulgaria, Blagoevgrad Graben)

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