Atmosphere injection of sea salts during large explosive submarine volcanic eruptions

Colombier, M.; Ukstins, I. A.; Tegtmeier, S.; Scheu, B.; Cronin, S. J.; Thivet, S.; Paredes-Mariño, J.; Cimarelli, C.; Hess, K.-U.; Kula, Taaniela; Latu’ila, Folauhola H.; Dingwell, D. B.

doi:10.1038/s41598-023-41639-8

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…(The other exception occurred on 21 January, when in addition to the volcanic plume, MISR observed what was likely transported smoke (Figure S10 in Supporting Information S1).) We note that Colombier et al (2023) posit non-spherical sea salt particles might be part of the 15 January atmospheric aerosol load, given the submarine nature of the eruption and the presence of sea salt in surface samples acquired on nearby islands. With MISR we cannot distinguish such particles from ash, so our data have nothing to contribute regarding this possibility.…”

Section: Discussion-misr Constraints On the Evolution Of The Hthh Aer...mentioning

confidence: 85%

Evolving Particles in the 2022 Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha'apai Volcano Eruption Plume

Kahn,

Limbacher,

Junghenn Noyes

et al. 2024

JGR Atmospheres

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The Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) aboard NASA's Terra satellite observed the Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) 15 January eruption plume on eight occasions between 15 and 23 January 2022. From the MISR multi‐angle, multi‐spectral imagery we retrieve aerosol plume height geometrically, along with plume‐level motion vectors, and derive radiometrically constraints on particle effective size, shape, and light‐absorption properties. Parts of two downwind aerosol layers were observed in different places and times, one concentrated in the upper troposphere (11–18 km ASL), and a mid‐stratosphere layer ∼23–30+ km ASL. After the initial day (1/15), the retrievals identified only spherical, non‐light‐absorbing particles, typical of volcanic sulfate/water particles. The near‐tropopause plume particles show constant, medium‐small (several tenths of a micron) effective size over 4 days. The mid‐stratosphere particles were consistently smaller, but retrieved effective particle size increased between 1/17 and 1/23, though they might have decreased slightly on 1/22. As a vast amount of water was also injected into the stratosphere by this eruption, models predicted relatively rapid sulfate particle growth from the modest amounts of SO2 gas injected by the eruption to high altitudes along with the water (Zhu et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp‐22‐10267‐2022). MISR observations up to 10 days after the eruption are consistent with these model predictions. The possible decrease in stratospheric particle size after initial growth was likely caused by evaporation, as the plume mixed with drier, ambient air. Particles in the lower‐elevation plume observed on 1/15 were larger than all the downwind aerosols and contained significant non‐spherical (likely ash) particles.

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Section: Discussion-misr Constraints On the Evolution Of The Hthh Aer...mentioning

confidence: 85%

Evolving Particles in the 2022 Hunga Tonga—Hunga Ha'apai Volcano Eruption Plume

Kahn,

Limbacher,

Junghenn Noyes

et al. 2024

JGR Atmospheres

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“…over 700 km of submarine communication cables within 100 km; Verolino et al, 2024), and because it retains high hazard potential for the region, based on its morphology (large caldera) and shallow water depth, suggesting an explosive history (Verolino et al, 2024). For this study, water depth was considered one of the key selection factors, because seawater is thought to have played a role in the in the enhanced explosivity of HT-HH 2022 (Colombier et al, 2023;Garza-Girón et al, 2023), as inferred for other similar subaqueous to emergent volcanoes (e.g. Verolino et al, 2018Verolino et al, , 2019Verolino et al, , 2022Maeno et al, 2022).…”

Section: Source Volcanoes Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An initial assessment of volcanic meteo-tsunamis hazard in the South China Sea shows considerable bathymetric effects

Verolino,

Watanabe,

Felix

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Volcanic meteo-tsunamis, though rare, can pose significant threats to people, as exemplified by the 2022 Hunga Tonga – Hunga Ha’apai (HT-HH) eruption in the SW Pacific. While various studies have delved into the complexities of such phenomena, none have explored analogous scenarios in regions with potential occurrence of large eruptions near or under the sea. We focus on coastal areas along the South China Sea (SCS), among the most densely populated on Earth and historically prone to volcanic activity, including the catastrophic 1883 Krakatau eruption. Here we strategically chose one intra-basin volcano, KW-23612 in the northern SCS, and three extra-basin volcanoes, Banua Wuhu in the Celebes Sea, and Kikai and Fukutoku-Oka-no-Ba in the northern Philippines Sea (southern Japan), from which we simulated volcanic meteo-tsunamis with scaled intensities of the HT-HH event, to assess which countries around the SCS could be more at risk from the occurrence of such phenomena. Our results show that the worst-case scenarios are produced by eruption/tsunamis from the northern SCS, producing offshore waves up to 10 cm offshore Macau and Hong Kong, and up to 20 cm offshore Manila. In contrast, countries bordering the shallow Sunda Shelf (Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and southern Vietnam) seem less at risk from volcanic meteo-tsunamis, though we observed some amplification effects along the deeper Singapore Strait. This study is the first of its kind in the region and sets the basis to investigate amplification effects, and shallow coastal dynamics at key locations, after integrating higher resolution bathymetry data.

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