Atmospheric chemistry in the Arctic and subarctic: Influence of natural fires, industrial emissions, and stratospheric inputs

Wofsy, Steven C.; Sachse, G. W.; Gregory, G. L.; Blake, D. R.; Bradshaw, J. D.; Sandholm, S. T.; Singh, H. B.; Barrick, J. A.; Harriss, Robert C.; Talbot, R. W.; Shipham, M. C.; Browell, E. V.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Logan, Jennifer A.

doi:10.1029/92jd00622

Cited by 124 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…5. By grouping the data according to the correlation (negative, positive and non-related), an improved positive correlation R 2 = 0.54 with ∆O3/∆CO = 0.560±0.0156 ppbv/ppbv can be calculated, which is slightly higher than other measurements (the order of 0.3 ppbv/ppbv) at Izaña observatory, Tenerife, by Fischer et al [32] and in eastern North American by Parrish et al [33] and by Chin et al [34], but consistent with observations ranging from 0.17-0.62 and 0.20-0.69 reported by Wofsy et al [35] and by Mauzerall et al [36] observed at surface sites in eastern North America, respectively, as well as 0.4 to 1.0 observed over the eastern United States by Zhang et al [37]. The negative correlation observed during the night hours for CO values over 100 ppbv might indicate a downward transport of the polluted air to the measurement site after photochemical processing or the O3 titration by the NO, associated with the freshly emitted CO.…”

Section: Correlation Between Co and O3supporting

confidence: 57%

In Situ Measurements of Atmospheric CO And Its Correlation With Nox And O3 at a Rural Mountain Site

Li¹,

Reiffs²,

Parchatka³

et al. 2015

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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Ambient concentrations of CO, as well as NOx and O3, were measured as a part of the PARADE campaign conducted at the Taunus Observatory on the summit of the Kleiner Feldberg between the 8th of August and 9th of September 2011. These measurements were made in an effort to provide insight into the characteristics of the effects of both biogenic and anthropogenic emissions on atmospheric chemistry in the rural south-western German environment. The overall average CO concentration was found to be 100.3±18.1 ppbv (within the range of 71 to 180 ppbv), determined from 10-min averages during the summer season. The background CO concentration was estimated to be ~90 ppbv. CO and NOx showed bimodal diurnal variations with peaks in the late morning (10:00-12:00 UTC) and in the late afternoon (17:00-20:00 UTC). Strong correlations between CO and NOx indicated that vehicular emission was the major contributor to the notable CO plumes observed at the sampling site. Both local meteorology and backward trajectory analyses suggest that CO plumes were associated with anthropogenically polluted air masses transferred by an advection to the site from densely populated city sites. Furthermore, a good linear correlation of R 2 = 0.54 between CO and O3 (∆O3/∆CO=0.560±0.016 ppbv/ppbv) was observed, in good agreement with previous observations.

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Section: Correlation Between Co and O3supporting

confidence: 57%

In Situ Measurements of Atmospheric CO And Its Correlation With Nox And O3 at a Rural Mountain Site

Li¹,

Reiffs²,

Parchatka³

et al. 2015

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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“…Goode et al (2000) sampled a single fresh Alaskan smoke plume and found an enhancement of ozone within the smoke plume of 7.9%±2.4% three hours after emission. Wofsy et al (1992) and Mauzerall et al (1996) found mixed results: only a third of the aged plumes sampled showed a significant correlation between ozone and CO, with Mauzerall et al (1996) finding an average enhancement ratio of 10%±20%. Observations of highly aged boreal smoke plumes over the Azores, 6-15 days downwind of the fires, have shown a wide variation in ozone enhancement (−40%-90%) with an average around 20% (Honrath et al, M. J.…”

Section: Sourcementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Study Type Location Age (h) Enhancement Ratio Nance et al (1993) Aircraft Alaska < 1 NO x / CO = 1.2% Goode et al (2000) Aircraft Alaska < 1 NO/ CO = 1.4%-1.8% Wofsy et al (1992) Aircraft Alaska, Canada 24-48 NO y / CO = 0.56% Val Surface Azores 150-360 NO y / CO = 0.8% McKeen et al (2002) Model SE US 50 NO y / CO ≥ 0.7% Mauzerall et al, 1996;Wotawa and Trainer, 2000;Real et al, 2007;Leung et al, 2007). Quantitative estimates of these emissions are essential to determining the impact of these fires on tropospheric ozone.…”

Section: Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen oxides and PAN in plumes from boreal fires during ARCTAS-B and their impact on ozone: an integrated analysis of aircraft and satellite observations

et al. 2010

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Abstract. We determine enhancement ratios for NO x , PAN, and other NO y species from boreal biomass burning using aircraft data obtained during the ARCTAS-B campaign and examine the impact of these emissions on tropospheric ozone in the Arctic. We find an initial emission factor for NO x of 1.06 g NO per kg dry matter (DM) burned, much lower than previous observations of boreal plumes, and also one third the value recommended for extratropical fires. Our analysis provides the first observational confirmation of rapid PAN formation in a boreal smoke plume, with 40% of the initial NO x emissions being converted to PAN in the first few hours after emission. We find little clear evidence for ozone formation in the boreal smoke plumes during ARCTAS-B in either aircraft or satellite observations, or in model simulations. Only a third of the smoke plumes observed by the NASA Correspondence to: M. J. Alvarado (matthew.alvarado@aer.com) DC8 showed a correlation between ozone and CO, and ozone was depleted in the plumes as often as it was enhanced. Special observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) also show little evidence for enhanced ozone in boreal smoke plumes between 15 June and 15 July 2008. Of the 22 plumes observed by TES, only 4 showed ozone increasing within the smoke plumes, and even in those cases it was unclear that the increase was caused by fire emissions. Using the GEOS-Chem atmospheric chemistry model, we show that boreal fires during ARCTAS-B had little impact on the median ozone profile measured over Canada, and had little impact on ozone within the smoke plumes observed by TES.

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“…Chem. Phys., 11, 3611-3629, 2011 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/3611/2011/ T. T. van Leeuwen and G. R. van der Werf: Spatio-temporal variability in emission factors (Hurst et al, 1994;Shirai et al, 2003) and tropical deforestation measurements in Brazil , (b) FTC and CH 4 EF for tropical deforestation measurements in Brazil , and (c) precipitation and CH 4 EF for extratropical forest measurements in Alaska (Laursen et al, 1992;Goode et al, 2000;Wofsy et al, 1992;Nance et al, 1993). 2002. These could account for up to about 33% (r = 0.57), 38% (r = 0.62), 19% (r = 0.43), and 34% (r = 0.58) of the variability for respectively CO, CH 4 , CO 2 , and MCE.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variability in the ratio of trace gases emitted from biomass burning

Leeuwen¹,

Werf²

2011

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Fires are a major source of trace gases and aerosols to the atmosphere. The amount of biomass burned is becoming better known, most importantly due to improved burned area datasets and a better representation of fuel consumption. The spatial and temporal variability in the partitioning of biomass burned into emitted trace gases and aerosols, however, has received relatively little attention. To convert estimates of biomass burned to trace gas and aerosol emissions, most studies have used emission ratios (or emission factors (EFs)) based on the arithmetic mean of field measurement outcomes, stratified by biome. However, EFs vary substantially in time and space, even within a single biome. In addition, it is unknown whether the available field measurement locations provide a representative sample for the various biomes. Here we used the available body of EF literature in combination with satellite-derived information on vegetation characteristics and climatic conditions to better understand the spatio-temporal variability in EFs. While focusing on CO, CH 4 , and CO 2 , our findings are also applicable to other trace gases and aerosols. We explored relations between EFs and different measurements of environmental variables that may correlate with part of the variability in EFs (tree cover density, vegetation greenness, temperature, precipitation, and the length of the dry season). Although reasonable correlations were found for specific case studies, correlations based on the full suite of available measurements were lower and explained about 33%, 38%, 19%, and 34% of the variability for respectively CO, CH 4 , CO 2 , and the Modified Combustion Efficiency (MCE). This may be partly due to uncertainties in the environmental variables, differences in measurement techniques for EFs, assumptions on the ratio between flaming and smoldering combustion, and incomplete information on the location and timing of EF Correspondence to: T. T. van Leeuwen (thijs.van.leeuwen@falw.vu.nl) measurements. We derived new mean EFs, using the relative importance of each measurement location with regard to fire emissions. These weighted averages were relatively similar to the arithmetic mean. When using relations between the environmental variables and EFs to extrapolate to regional and global scales, we found substantial differences, with for savannas 13% and 22% higher CO and CH 4 EFs than the arithmetic mean of the field studies, possibly linked to an underrepresentation of woodland fires in EF measurement locations. We argue that from a global modeling perspective, future measurement campaigns could be more beneficial if measurements are made over the full fire season, and if relations between ambient conditions and EFs receive more attention.

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Atmospheric chemistry in the Arctic and subarctic: Influence of natural fires, industrial emissions, and stratospheric inputs

Cited by 124 publications

References 45 publications

In Situ Measurements of Atmospheric CO And Its Correlation With Nox And O3 at a Rural Mountain Site

In Situ Measurements of Atmospheric CO And Its Correlation With Nox And O3 at a Rural Mountain Site

Nitrogen oxides and PAN in plumes from boreal fires during ARCTAS-B and their impact on ozone: an integrated analysis of aircraft and satellite observations

Spatial and temporal variability in the ratio of trace gases emitted from biomass burning

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