Atmospheric histories and global emissions of halons H‐1211 (CBrClF2), H‐1301 (CBrF3), and H‐2402 (CBrF2CBrF2)

Vollmer, Martin K.; Mühle, Jens; Trudinger, C. M.; Rigby, Matthew; Montzka, S. A.; Harth, Christina M.; Miller, Benjamin R.; Henne, Stephan; Krummel, P. B.; Hall, B. D.; Young, Dickon; Kim, Jooil; Arduini, Jgor; Wenger, A.; Yao, Bo; Reimann, Stefan; O’Doherty, Simon; Maione, Michela; Etheridge, D. M.; Li, Shanlan; Verdonik, D. P.; Park, Sunyoung; Dutton, G. S.; Steele, Lloyd; Lunder, Chris Rene; Rhee, Tae Siek; Hermansen, Ove; Schmidbauer, Norbert; Wang, Ray; Hill, Matthias; Salameh, Peter K.; Langenfelds, Ray L.; Li-hua, Zhou; Blunier, Thomas; Schwander, Jakob; Elkins, James W.; Butler, J. H.; Simmonds, Peter; Weiss, Ray F.; Prinn, Ronald G.; Fraser, Paul J.

doi:10.1002/2015jd024488

Cited by 31 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 71 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A series of old Northern Hemisphere (NH) air samples were also measured together with the measurements of the CGAA samples at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography see Supplement Sect. S2 and ; Vollmer et al (2016).…”

Section: Firn and Archived Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The firn air measurements were included in the inversion, with the age spectra from the firn model used to relate the firn measurements to high-latitude atmospheric mole fractions Vollmer et al, 2016). A 12-box model of atmospheric transport and chemistry was used to simulate baseline mole fractions, which assumed that the atmosphere was divided into four zonal bands (90-30 • N, 30-0 • N, 0-30 • S and 30-90 • S) and at 500 and 200 hPa vertically (Cunnold et al, 1994;Rigby et al, 2013).…”

Section: Global Atmospheric Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Greenland samples were collected at the NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) site in 2008 (Buizert et al, 2012). The CSIRO firn model (Trudinger et al, 1997) was used to derive age spectra for the individual firn samples and more details on these samples and their analysis are given in Vollmer et al (2016Vollmer et al ( , 2018 and . A diffusion coefficient of HFC-23 relative to CO 2 of 0.797 was used (Fuller et al, 1966).…”

Section: Firn and Archived Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF3) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production

et al. 2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. High frequency measurements of trifluoromethane (HFC-23, CHF 3 ), a potent hydrofluorocarbon greenhouse gas, largely emitted to the atmosphere as a by-product of the production of the hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC-22 (CHClF 2 ), at five core stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, combined with measurements on firn air, old Northern Hemisphere air samples and Cape Grim Air Archive (CGAA) air samples, are used to explore the current and historic changes in the atmospheric abundance of HFC-23. These measurements are used in combination with the AGAGE 2-D atmospheric 12-box model and a Bayesian inversion methodology to determine model atmospheric mole fractions and the history of global HFC-23 emissions. The global modelled annual mole fraction of HFC-23 in the background atmosphere was 28.9 ± 0.6 pmol mol −1 at the end of 2016, representing a 28 % increase from 22.6 ± 0.4 pmol mol −1 in 2009. Over the same time frame, the modelled mole fraction of HCFC-22 increased by 19 % from 199 ± 2 to 237 ± 2 pmol mol −1 . However, unlike HFC-23, the annual average HCFC-22 growth rate slowed from 2009 to 2016 at an annual average rate of −0.5 pmol mol −1 yr −2 . This slowing atmospheric growth is consistent with HCFC-22 moving from dispersive (high fractional emissions) to feedstock (low fractional emissions) uses, with HFC-23 emissions remaining as a consequence of incomplete mitigation from all HCFC-22 production.Our results demonstrate that, following a minimum in HFC-23 global emissions in 2009 of 9.6 ± 0.6, emissions increased to a maximum in 2014 of 14.5 ± 0.6 Gg yr −1 and then declined to 12.7 ± 0.6 Gg yr −1 (157 Mt CO 2 eq. yr −1 ) in 2016. The 2009 emissions minimum is consistent with estimates based on national reports and is likely a response to the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to mitigate HFC-23 emissions by incineration in developing (non-Annex 1) countries under the Kyoto Protocol. Our derived cumulative emissions of HFC-23 during 2010-2016 were 89 ± 2 Gg (1.1 ± 0.2 Gt CO 2 eq.), which led to an increase in radiative forcing of 1.0 ± 0.1 mW m −2 over the same period. Although the CDM had reduced global HFC-23 emissions, it cannot now offset the higher emissions from increasing HCFC-22 production in non-Annex 1 countries, as the CDM was closed to new entrants in 2009. We also find that the cumulative European HFC-23 emissions from 2010 to 2016 were ∼ 1.3 Gg, corresponding to just 1.5 % ofPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. The majority of the increase in global HFC-23 emissions since 2010 is attributed to a delay in the adoption of mitigation technologies, predominantly in China and East Asia. However, a reduction in emissions is anticipated, when the Kigali 2016 amendment to the Montreal Protocol, requiring HCFC and HFC production facilities to introduce destruction of HFC-23, is fully implemented.

show abstract

Section: Firn and Archived Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Global Atmospheric Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Firn and Archived Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF3) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production

et al. 2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Due to the remote locations of these sites, these samples are considered as representative of background air. More details on these samples and on their analysis are described by Vollmer et al (2016) and Trudinger et al (2016). Results for CFC-114 and CFC-115 from the M. K. Vollmer et al: Minor CFCs DSSW20K firn air profile based on older measurement technologies and interpreted with an old version of the CSIRO firn diffusion model were previously reported by Sturrock et al (2002) and are compared to our measurements in the Supplement.…”

Section: Air Entrapped In Firnmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Similar to the study by Vollmer et al (2016) for halons, the present analysis uses a firn air model to characterize the age of the CFCs in the firn air samples , the AGAGE 12-box model to relate atmospheric mole fractions to surface emissions (Rigby et al, 2013), two inversion approaches to estimate hemispheric emissions, and a Lagrangian transport model to study regional emissions of CFC-115 in northeastern Asia. …”

Section: Firn Model Global Transport Model and Inversionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF3), ΣCFC-114 (C2Cl2F4), and CFC-115 (C2ClF5)

et al. 2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

A comparative on the thermal decomposition and fire‐extinguishing performance of C₅F₈ and C₅F₇Cl

Chang

et al. 2023

Int J of Quantum Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Compared with fluorinated cycloalkanes and liner olefins, the degradation of chlorofluorocycloolefins is much easier with good environmental friendliness. However, the fire‐extinguishing performance of chlorofluorocycloolefins has been rarely explored. In this study, the fire‐extinguishing performance and working mechanism of octafluorocyclopentene (C5F8) and 1‐chloro‐2,3,3,4,4,5,5‐heptafluorocyclopentene (C5F7Cl) were studied by combined experimental and theoretical approach. It was found that, compared to C5F8, the asymmetry of C5F7Cl agent with the chlorine atom possesses a reduced energy barrier in pyrolysis process and its reaction with OH· radicals. Moreover, chlorine‐containing unsaturated active groups and CF2· radicals generated in C5F7Cl pyrolysis can effectively capture flame radicals. As a result, a relatively low minimum extinguishing concentrations (MECs) for suppressing methane‐air (5.37 vol%) and propane‐air flame (5.93 vol%) is achieved outperforms that of C5F8 (6.73 and 7.74 vol%), even better than reported fluorinated cycloalkanes and chlorofluoroolefins agents. This study shows that chlorofluorocycloolefins are promising Halon substitutes over perfluorocyclic olefins in fire‐extinguishing performance.

show abstract

Atmospheric histories and global emissions of halons H‐1211 (CBrClF₂), H‐1301 (CBrF₃), and H‐2402 (CBrF₂CBrF₂)

Abstract: We report ground-based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates for the halons

Cited by 31 publications

References 71 publications

Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF<sub>3</sub>) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF<sub>2</sub>) production

Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF<sub>3</sub>) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF<sub>2</sub>) production

Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF<sub>3</sub>), ΣCFC-114 (C<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub>), and CFC-115 (C<sub>2</sub>ClF<sub>5</sub>)

A comparative on the thermal decomposition and fire‐extinguishing performance of C₅F₈ and C₅F₇Cl

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Atmospheric histories and global emissions of halons H‐1211 (CBrClF2), H‐1301 (CBrF3), and H‐2402 (CBrF2CBrF2)

Abstract: We report ground-based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates for the halons

Cited by 31 publications

References 71 publications

Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) production

Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) production

Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), ΣCFC-114 (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;), and CFC-115 (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;ClF&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;)

A comparative on the thermal decomposition and fire‐extinguishing performance of C5F8 and C5F7Cl

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Atmospheric histories and global emissions of halons H‐1211 (CBrClF₂), H‐1301 (CBrF₃), and H‐2402 (CBrF₂CBrF₂)

Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF<sub>3</sub>) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF<sub>2</sub>) production

Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF<sub>3</sub>) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF<sub>2</sub>) production

Atmospheric histories and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons CFC-13 (CClF<sub>3</sub>), ΣCFC-114 (C<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>F<sub>4</sub>), and CFC-115 (C<sub>2</sub>ClF<sub>5</sub>)

A comparative on the thermal decomposition and fire‐extinguishing performance of C₅F₈ and C₅F₇Cl