Atmospheric Iodine (<sup>127</sup>I and <sup>129</sup>I) Record in Spruce Tree Rings in the Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Zhao, Xue; Hou, Xiaolin; Zhou, Weijian

doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b01160

Cited by 32 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In the Arctic environment, iodine has recently been identified as a significant source of cloud condensation nucleii (CCN), with the potential to influence clouds formation 3 . Iodine in the atmosphere is increasing globally (3-fold since the 1950s), as independently evidenced by polar and alpine ice core and tree ring measurements, following anthropogenic ozone pollution and global warming [16][17][18] . In the Arctic, a coastal ice core from Greenland revealed that ocean primary productivity controlled atmospheric iodine variability during the Holocene (i.e., last 11,700 years) 19 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle

et al. 2022

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Iodine has a significant impact on promoting the formation of new ultrafine aerosol particles and accelerating tropospheric ozone loss, thereby affecting radiative forcing and climate. Therefore, understanding the long-term natural evolution of iodine, and its coupling with climate variability, is key to adequately assess its effect on climate on centennial to millennial timescales. Here, using two Greenland ice cores (NEEM and RECAP), we report the Arctic iodine variability during the last 127,000 years. We find the highest and lowest iodine levels recorded during interglacial and glacial periods, respectively, modulated by ocean bioproductivity and sea ice dynamics. Our sub-decadal resolution measurements reveal that high frequency iodine emission variability occurred in pace with Dansgaard/Oeschger events, highlighting the rapid Arctic ocean-ice-atmosphere iodine exchange response to abrupt climate changes. Finally, we discuss if iodine levels during past warmer-than-present climate phases can serve as analogues of future scenarios under an expected ice-free Arctic Ocean. We argue that the combination of natural biogenic ocean iodine release (boosted by ongoing Arctic warming and sea ice retreat) and anthropogenic ozone-induced iodine emissions may lead to a near future scenario with the highest iodine levels of the last 127,000 years.

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confidence: 89%

Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle

et al. 2022

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“…A potential climate relevance arises from the fact that anthropogenic pollution ozone in the troposphere has increased the global iodine source by roughly a factor of 3 since 1950 (38)(39)(40). Ozone reacts with I − at the ocean surface, which results in ozone deposition and the emission of HOI and I 2 to the atmosphere.…”

Section: Iodine In the Anthropocenementioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative detection of iodine in the stratosphere

Koenig

Baidar

Campuzano‐Jost

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

116

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Oceanic emissions of iodine destroy ozone, modify oxidative capacity, and can form new particles in the troposphere. However, the impact of iodine in the stratosphere is highly uncertain due to the lack of previous quantitative measurements. Here, we report quantitative measurements of iodine monoxide radicals and particulate iodine (Iy,part) from aircraft in the stratosphere. These measurements support that 0.77 ± 0.10 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) total inorganic iodine (Iy) is injected to the stratosphere. These high Iy amounts are indicative of active iodine recycling on ice in the upper troposphere (UT), support the upper end of recent Iy estimates (0 to 0.8 pptv) by the World Meteorological Organization, and are incompatible with zero stratospheric iodine injection. Gas-phase iodine (Iy,gas) in the UT (0.67 ± 0.09 pptv) converts to Iy,part sharply near the tropopause. In the stratosphere, IO radicals remain detectable (0.06 ± 0.03 pptv), indicating persistent Iy,part recycling back to Iy,gas as a result of active multiphase chemistry. At the observed levels, iodine is responsible for 32% of the halogen-induced ozone loss (bromine 40%, chlorine 28%), due primarily to previously unconsidered heterogeneous chemistry. Anthropogenic (pollution) ozone has increased iodine emissions since preindustrial times (ca. factor of 3 since 1950) and could be partly responsible for the continued decrease of ozone in the lower stratosphere. Increasing iodine emissions have implications for ozone radiative forcing and possibly new particle formation near the tropopause.

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“…S12) emitted from the oceans (13,44). Ocean iodine emissions have tripled since 1950 (45)(46)(47), and it has been proposed that oceanic emissions of inorganic iodine may increase by ∼20% following Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 over the 2000-2100 period (30), although the increase in emissions would be much less under different scenarios. Consequently, the future relative contribution of iodine to stratospheric ozone loss may likely be higher than at present, with potential implications in delaying the future closing of the ozone hole, which warrant further investigation.…”

Section: Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole

Cuevas

Fernández

Kinnison

et al. 2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The catalytic depletion of Antarctic stratospheric ozone is linked to anthropogenic emissions of chlorine and bromine. Despite its larger ozone-depleting efficiency, the contribution of ocean-emitted iodine to ozone hole chemistry has not been evaluated, due to the negligible iodine levels previously reported to reach the stratosphere. Based on the recently observed range (0.77 ± 0.1 parts per trillion by volume [pptv]) of stratospheric iodine injection, we use the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model to assess the role of iodine in the formation and recent past evolution of the Antarctic ozone hole. Our 1980–2015 simulations indicate that iodine can significantly impact the lower part of the Antarctic ozone hole, contributing, on average, 10% of the lower stratospheric ozone loss during spring (up to 4.2% of the total stratospheric column). We find that the inclusion of iodine advances the beginning and delays the closure stages of the ozone hole by 3 d to 5 d, increasing its area and mass deficit by 11% and 20%, respectively. Despite being present in much smaller amounts, and due to faster gas-phase photochemical reactivation, iodine can dominate (∼73%) the halogen-mediated lower stratospheric ozone loss during summer and early fall, when the heterogeneous reactivation of inorganic chlorine and bromine reservoirs is reduced. The stratospheric ozone destruction caused by 0.77 pptv of iodine over Antarctica is equivalent to that of 3.1 (4.6) pptv of biogenic very short-lived bromocarbons during spring (rest of sunlit period). The relative contribution of iodine to future stratospheric ozone loss is likely to increase as anthropogenic chlorine and bromine emissions decline following the Montreal Protocol.

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Atmospheric Iodine (¹²⁷I and ¹²⁹I) Record in Spruce Tree Rings in the Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Cited by 32 publications

References 45 publications

Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle

Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle

Quantitative detection of iodine in the stratosphere

The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole

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Atmospheric Iodine (127I and 129I) Record in Spruce Tree Rings in the Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Cited by 32 publications

References 45 publications

Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle

Climate changes modulated the history of Arctic iodine during the Last Glacial Cycle

Quantitative detection of iodine in the stratosphere

The influence of iodine on the Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole

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Product

Resources

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Atmospheric Iodine (¹²⁷I and ¹²⁹I) Record in Spruce Tree Rings in the Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau