Atmospheric nitric acid concentrations in a Mediterranean site, Patras, Greece

Danalatos, Demetrios; Glavas, Sotirios; Kambezidis, H. D.

doi:10.1016/1352-2310(95)00061-3

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Lastly, strong correlations observed between Na + and Cl − and Mg 2+ and Cl − , for both fractions, indicate the presence of NaCl and MgCl 2 salts, the biggest percentage of which is found in the coarse fraction. The above are in agreement with aforementioned studies in Greece (Tsitouridou and Samara, 1993;Danalatos and Glavas, 1995;Eleftheriadis et al, 1998) Cl…”

Section: Ionic Balances and Neutralization Of Atmospheric Aciditysupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In the FPM, in AEDA S is the most abundant element, while near the ground, in Athinas St. site, Ca dominates this fraction also, with concentrations significantly higher than the ones of AEDA. Previous publications have mentioned the existence of great amounts of Ca in the atmosphere of locations in Greece (Danalatos and Glavas, 1995), and in Athens, in particular (Scheff and Valiozis, 1990;Sillanpää et al, 2006), as well as other eastern Mediterranean sites (Graham et al, 2004;Kouyoumdjian and Saliba, 2006). The CPM concentrations of Ca, Al, Si, Fe and Ti are higher in Athinas St. A similar phenomenon is observed for the respective FPM concentrations of these compounds, with the exception of Fe and Al for which FPM Athinas St. concentrations do not differ much from the ones in AEDA.…”

Section: Identification Of Major Elements and Ions Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical characterization of the inorganic fraction of aerosols and mechanisms of the neutralization of atmospheric acidity in Athens, Greece

Karageorgos¹,

Rapsomanikis²,

Wåhlin³

2006

Preprint

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Abstract. Mass concentration levels and the inorganic chemical composition of PM10 (two fractions; PM10−2.5 and PM2.5) were determined during August 2003 and March 2004, in the centre of Athens, Greece. August 2003 monthly mean PM10 mass concentration, at 5 m above ground, was 56 μg/m3 and the EU imposed daily limit of 50 μg/m3 was exceeded on 16 occasions. The corresponding monthly mean for March 2004 was 92 μg/m3 and the aforementioned daily limit was exceeded on 23 occasions. The PM10 (PM10−2.5+PM2.5) mass concentrations at 1.5 m above ground were found to be approximately 20% higher compared to the respective PM10 measured at 5 m. Consequently, for a realistic estimation of the exposure of citizens to particulate matter, PM10 sampling at a height of 1.5–3 m above ground, in the "breathing zone" is necessary. Such data are presented for the first time for the centre of Athens. In both campaigns, calcium was found to be the predominant component of the coarse fraction while crust-related aluminosilicates and iron were found to be the other major components of the same fraction. The above elements constitute the most important components of the fine fraction, together with the predominant sulphur. Toxic metals were found to be below the air quality limits and in lower concentrations compared to older studies, with the exception of Cu and V for which some increase was observed. Pb, in particular, appeared mostly in the fine fraction and in very low concentrations compared to studies dating more than a decade back. The major ions of the coarse fraction have been found to be Ca2+, NO3− and Cl−, while SO4−2, Ca2+ and NH4+ were the major ionic components of the fine fraction. The low molar ratio of NH4+/SO4−2 indicated an ammonium-poor ambient air, where atmospheric ammonia is not sufficient to neutralize all acidity and the formation of NH4NO3 does not occur to a significant extend. Calcium predominated the coarse fraction and its good correlations with NO3− and SO4−2 indicated its role as an important neutralizing agent of atmospheric acidity in this particle size range. In the fine fraction, both Ca2+ and NH4+ participate in the neutralizing processes with NH4+ being the major neutralizing agent of SO4−2. Chloride depletion from NaCl or MgCl2 was not found to occur to a significant extend. Total analyzed inorganic mass (elemental+ionic) was found to be ranging between approximately 25–33% of the total coarse particle mass and 35–42% of the total fine particle mass.

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Section: Ionic Balances and Neutralization Of Atmospheric Aciditysupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Identification Of Major Elements and Ions Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterization of the inorganic fraction of aerosols and mechanisms of the neutralization of atmospheric acidity in Athens, Greece

Karageorgos¹,

Rapsomanikis²,

Wåhlin³

2006

Preprint

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“…When NH 4 NO 3 is formed, it is present as fine‐mode particles (less than 1 μ m) and has low deposition velocities. Measurements performed in several locations in the EMS [ Kouvarakis et al , 2001; Danalatos et al , 1995; Koçak et al , 2004] found no NH 4 NO 3 during the dry period (May to September). The main reasons for the absence of NH 4 NO 3 are the elevated temperatures and the high regional sulphate concentrations, which neutralize NH 3 and prevent formation of NH 4 NO 3 via reaction (2) [ Bardouki et al , 2003].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isotopic composition of nitrate in wet and dry atmospheric deposition on Crete in the eastern Mediterranean Sea

Mara

Mihalopoulos

Gogou

et al. 2009

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

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[1] The eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS) is a nutrient-poor ocean with unusually high nitrate-phosphate ratios (up to 28:1) and relatively depleted 15 N/ 14 N ratios (expressed as d 15 N) in deepwater nitrate (d 15 NO 3 À of 2.5%) and sediments (<3.5%) that have been attributed to extensive N 2 fixation. To quantify the role of atmospheric NO 3 À deposition in the N cycle in the EMS, we analyzed NO 3 À and its d 15 N in samples of dry and wet deposition on biweekly and per event basis from April 2006 to September 2007 on the island of Crete. Both dry and wet deposition samples have consistently negative d 15 N compared to air N 2 , implying a strongly depleted atmospheric source calculated to be (weighted annual estimate) À3.1%. The low d 15 N of wet deposition is in agreement with data from other environments, but the consistently depleted nature of dry deposition is unusual and supports the view of an origin from association of atmospheric NO 3 À mainly with dust and sea salt. This situation is due to high levels of sulphate compared to ammonium, sea salt, and lithogenic material. Mass balance and isotope-mixing calculations show that the present-day inputs of nitrate from external sources into the surface water layer of the eastern Mediterranean Sea have a weighted mean d 15 N-NO 3 À of 0.5% to 1.5% and that particle flux to and mineralization in the deepwater pool over the last 40-50 years can account for the unusually low d 15 N ratios found in deepwater NO 3 À without the need of any significant N 2 fixation.

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“…Numerous studies have been devoted to investigating the chemical compositions of PM 10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 m). Although the information is available on the precursors of PM 2.5 from the United States (Koutrakis et al, 1988) and European regions (Danalatos et al, 1995), the detailed information on the acidic gases, which are the precursors of PM 2.5 such as sulfate and nitrate particulates, are limited from the Taiwan (Island) region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar behaviors of ammonia-nitric acid were also recorded by Danalatos et al (1995) and Ansari and Pandis (1998). Table 2 shows the variation in temperature and relative humidity during the sampling days.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Distribution of PM_2.5 and Gaseous Species in Central Taiwan During two Chinese Festival Periods

Horng

Cheng

Chiang

2007

Environmental Engineering Science

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Measurements of PM 2.5 and acidic gases were conducted at an inland site of Taichung basin. The sampling site was Nantou, which is located at a distance of 25 km from the Taichung city. Nantou represents an inland area surrounded by Central Mountain Ranges and Baqua Hill. The sampling timings were in the month of April (during Tomb-Sweeping Festival) and in September (during Mid-Autumn Festival). PM 2.5 samples were collected with an annular denuder system. Aerosol ionic species including sulfate (SO 4 2Ϫ ), nitrate (NO 3 Ϫ ), ammonium (NH 4 ϩ ), chloride (Cl Ϫ ), calcium (Ca 2ϩ ), potassium (K ϩ ), and sodium (Na ϩ ) and gaseous nitric acid (HNO 3 ), hydrochloric (HCl), and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) were analyzed. Results showed that the average PM 2.5 concentration were 41.3 g m Ϫ3 during the Tomb-Sweeping Festival period and 65.3 g m Ϫ3 during the Mid-Autumn Festival period. The major particle-phase ionic species was sulfate (SO 4 2Ϫ ) during both the Chinese Festival periods. Ozone concentration was higher during the Mid-Autumn Festival. Sulfate (SO 4 2Ϫ ) and nitrate (NO 3 Ϫ ) concentrations were well correlated with daily maximum ozone (O 3 ) concentration. The time weight mean concentration data showed that the increased concentration of gas-phase sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and sulfate (SO 4 2Ϫ ) were transported from Taichung City, which is located close to the sampling site. Based on our above obtained results, the MidAutumn Festival period showed more anthropogenic impact on the aerosol and gaseous distribution favored by meteorological factors, higher ambient temperature, and wind direction.

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Atmospheric nitric acid concentrations in a Mediterranean site, Patras, Greece

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

Chemical characterization of the inorganic fraction of aerosols and mechanisms of the neutralization of atmospheric acidity in Athens, Greece

Chemical characterization of the inorganic fraction of aerosols and mechanisms of the neutralization of atmospheric acidity in Athens, Greece

Isotopic composition of nitrate in wet and dry atmospheric deposition on Crete in the eastern Mediterranean Sea

Distribution of PM_2.5 and Gaseous Species in Central Taiwan During two Chinese Festival Periods

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Atmospheric nitric acid concentrations in a Mediterranean site, Patras, Greece

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

Chemical characterization of the inorganic fraction of aerosols and mechanisms of the neutralization of atmospheric acidity in Athens, Greece

Chemical characterization of the inorganic fraction of aerosols and mechanisms of the neutralization of atmospheric acidity in Athens, Greece

Isotopic composition of nitrate in wet and dry atmospheric deposition on Crete in the eastern Mediterranean Sea

Distribution of PM2.5 and Gaseous Species in Central Taiwan During two Chinese Festival Periods

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Product

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Distribution of PM_2.5 and Gaseous Species in Central Taiwan During two Chinese Festival Periods