“…The present study considers two levels of surface modification: Chemical methods, such as coatings, and physical modifications. Coatings such as inorganic Ca-P (Liu, Hu, Ding, & Wang, 2011;Xu et al, 2009), hydroxyapatite (Ashuri, Moztarzadeh, Nezafati, Ansari Hamedani, & Tahriri, 2012;Bogya, Károly, & Barabás, 2015;Li'nan, Chenghao, Naibao, Feng, & Lixia, 2015), and organic polymers (Li, Cao, Zhang, Zhang, & He, 2010;Wong et al, 2010) serve as an additional barrier between the environment and the implant (Gray & Luan, 2002). The barrier reduces the risk of contamination with foreign metals and may result in the generation of additional properties that can reduce the risk of biofilm formation and promote the healing process.…”