Atmospheric remote sensing using GNSS in the Australasian region: From temperate climates to the tropics

Preliminary Design for near Real-Time GPS Meteorology over Peninsular Malaysia (G-MeM)

“…Several studies (e.g., Bevis et al 1992;Liou et al 2001;de Haan et al 2009;Rizos et al 2009) demonstrated the efficiency of ground-based GPS meteorology, especially in neutral atmospheric sensing, but the atmospheric profiling concept from ground-based GPS observations became popular following the development of GPS tomography for 3-D and 4-D variational tropospheric analysis, as well as retrieval of the horizontal and vertical refractivity field (e.g., Hirahara 2000; Flores et al 2000;Davies et al 2001;Macdonald et al 2002). Lowry et al (2002) examined the feasibility of estimating the atmospheric refractivity structure using ray propagation models to fit GPS-derived tropospheric delay using a least squares method.…”

“…However, because of its spatial variability and complexity in time and space, accurate water vapour observations in real time are very challenging (Varmaghani 2012). Several comparative analyses of Global Positioning System (GPS) meteorology with in-situ meteorological observations (e.g., Kursinski et al 1997;Liou et al 2006;Rizos et al 2009) have confirmed its reliability, and hence established the benefits of GPS observations for atmospheric sounding. GPS meteorology is sensitive to the total atmospheric delay of GPS radio signals and hence can provide atmospheric information (e.g., Bevis et al 1992;Liou et al 2007;, Lin 2010Rizos 2012).…”