Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Bromoanisoles Along a Temperate to Arctic Gradient

Abstract

Bromoanisoles (BAs) arise from O-methylation of bromophenols, produced by marine algae and invertebrates. BAs undergo sea-air exchange and are transported over the oceans. Here we report 2,4-DiBA and 2,4,6-TriBA in air and deposition on the Swedish west coast (Råö) and the interior of arctic Finland (Pallas). Results are discussed in perspective with previous measurements in the northern Baltic region in 2011-2013. BAs in air decreased from south to north in the order Råö > northern Baltic > Pallas. Geometric mean concentrations at Pallas increased significantly (p < 0.05) between 2002 and 2015 for 2,4-DiBA but not for 2,4,6-TriBA. The logarithm of BA partial pressures correlated significantly to reciprocal air temperature at the coastal station Råö and over the Baltic, but only weakly (2,4-DiBA) or not significantly (2,4,6-TriBA) at inland Pallas. Deposition fluxes of BAs were similar at both sites despite lower air concentrations at Pallas, due to greater precipitation scavenging at lower temperatures. Proportions of the two BAs in air and deposition were related to Henry's law partitioning and source regions. Precipitation concentrations were 10-40% of those in surface water of Bothnian Bay, northern Baltic Sea. BAs deposited in the bay catchment likely enter rivers and provide an unexpected source to northern estuaries. BAs may be precursors to higher molecular weight compounds identified by others in Swedish inland lakes.

Industrial and natural compounds in filter-feeding black fly larvae and water in 3 tundra streams

“…Transport from these marine regions may explain why we observe the bromoanisoles in the streams. Deposition data from more eastern locations in the Finnish Arctic report 2,4-DiBA and 2,4,6-TriBA in rain/snow at concentrations of 50 AE 38 pg/L (Bidleman et al 2017a).…”

“…Sulfur-isotope measurements from precipitation and snow deposition in the Abisko region suggest that there is a strong marine influence (R. Giesler, unpublished data), presumably from the North Atlantic; and air pathways to Abisko are strongly influenced by transport from the North Atlantic and Barents Sea (Newton et al 2014). Deposition data from more eastern locations in the Finnish Arctic report 2,4-DiBA and 2,4,6-TriBA in rain/snow at concentrations of 50 AE 38 pg/L (Bidleman et al 2017a). At the same time, 2,4-DiBA and 2,4,6-TriBA have been found in air from southern Norway (Lista, 58.10 00 N, 6.57 00 E) at concentrations <0.34 to 46 and 0.1 to 37 pg/m 3 , respectively (Melcher et al 2008).…”

Bromoanisoles and methoxylated bromodiphenyl ethers in macroalgae from Nordic coastal regions

“…Temperatures, oven programs and monitored ions were previously described. 34,35 Qualitative conrmation of tribromo-and tetrabromo-MeO-BDEs and identication of pentabromo-MeO-BDEs was done for nine macroalgae species by GC-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS), as previously described. 34 Analytical standards included 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, and 3,5-diBAs, 2,4,6-triBA, 2 0 -methoxy-2,4,4 0 -tribromodiphenyl ether (2 0 -MeO-BDE28),…”

Uptake, phytovolatilization, and interconversion of 2,4-dibromophenol and 2,4-dibromoanisole in rice plants

“…They also have anthropogenic sources from industrial production (i.e., polymer intermediates, flame retardant intermediates, and wood preservatives) ( Gribble, 2003 ; Howe et al, 2005 ). 2,4-Dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) and 2,4-dibromoanisole (2,4-DBA) always coexist ( Ballschmiter, 2003 ) and are frequently detected in various environment matrices, such as river water, seawater, sediment, and air ( Bidleman et al, 2014 , 2017 ; Chung et al, 2003 ; Fuhrer and Ballschmiter, 1998 ; Koch and Sures, 2018 ; Reineke et al, 2006 ; Schwarzbauer and Ricking, 2010 ). Concentration of 2,4-DBP in surface water was in the range of 10–4000 ng L −1 ( Ren et al, 2013 ; Vetter et al, 2018 ).…”

“…Concentration of 2,4-DBP in surface water was in the range of 10–4000 ng L −1 ( Ren et al, 2013 ; Vetter et al, 2018 ). 2,4-DBA was ranged from 8.1 to 192 pg L −1 and 3.7 to 20 pg m −3 in water and air, respectively ( Bidleman et al, 2014 , 2017 ). Bromophenols can undergo O-methylation to form brominated anisoles in some marine algaes and mussels ( Lofstrand et al, 2010 ; Vetter et al, 2007 ), and several branches of bacteria in the natural environment ( Allard et al, 1987 ).…”