Atmospheric Turbidity over the United States, 1961–1966

Flowers, Edwin C.; McCormick, Robert A.; Kurfis, K. R.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1969)008<0955:atotus>2.0.co;2

Cited by 208 publications

(59 citation statements)

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“…For this discussion we present those distributions over tens to hundreds of kilometers and a time period of weeks to months. Very early studies dating back to the 1950s by Flowers et al (1969) showed regional to continental-scale variations across the US, and in the 1980s sun photometry documented regional Sahelian aerosol loading during the drought (d'Almeida, 1986;Holben et al, 1991). The 1990s brought AERONET regional measurements to the Amazon Basin , the boreal forests in Canada called BOREAS (Markham et al, 1997), and southern Africa, with two campaigns called ZIBBIE (Eck et al, 2001) and SAFARI2000 (Swap et al, 2003;Eck et al, 2003).…”

Section: The Dragon Campaignsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of mesoscale aerosol processes, comparisons, and validation studies from DRAGON networks

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Over the past 24 years, the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) program has provided highly accurate remote-sensing characterization of aerosol optical and physical properties for an increasingly extensive geographic distribution including all continents and many oceanic island and coastal sites. The measurements and retrievals from the AERONET global network have addressed satellite and model validation needs very well, but there have been challenges in making comparisons to similar parameters from in situ surface and airborne measurements. Additionally, with improved spatial and temporal satellite remote sensing of aerosols, there is a need for higher spatial-resolution ground-based remote-sensing networks. An effort to address these needs resulted in a number of field campaign networks called Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observation Networks (DRAGONs) that were designed to provide a database for in situ and remote-sensing comparison and analysis of local to mesoscale variability in aerosol properties. This paper describes the DRAGON deployments that will continue to contribute to the growing body of research related to meso-and microscale aerosol features and processes. The research presented in this special issue illustrates the diversity of topics that has resulted from the application of data from these networks.

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Section: The Dragon Campaignsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of mesoscale aerosol processes, comparisons, and validation studies from DRAGON networks

et al. 2018

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“…Ozone and precipitable water amounts were calculated using the models of van Heuklon (1979) and Viswanadham (1981), respectively (Nitrogen scattering and absorption was neglected). Atmospheric turbidity was estimated for each of the experimental sites using the measurements of Flowers et al (1969). Variation in the above mechanisms gave minimal changes to the diffuse fraction.…”

Section: Radiative Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scalable plant-resolving radiative transfer model based on optimized GPU ray tracing

Bailey

Overby

Willemsen

et al. 2014

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

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A new model for radiative transfer in participating media and its application to complex plant canopies is presented. The goal was to be able to efficiently solve complex canopy-scale radiative transfer problems while also representing sub-plant heterogeneity. In the model, individual leaf surfaces are not resolved, but rather vegetation is aggregated into isothermal volumes. Using the leaf angle distribution and leaf area density functions, the volumes realistically augment the radiation field through absorption and anisotropic scattering and reemission. The volumes are grouped to form individual plants, and individual plants are grouped to form entire canopies. The model increases efficiency by performing ray tracing calculations on graphics processing units (GPUs) using the NVIDIA R ⃝ OptiX TM and CUDA TM frameworks, and through efficient algorithms for radiation reflection, scattering, and emission. This efficiency allows for realistic representation of heterogeneity, while also allowing for the solution of problems with very large domains (∼ 10 5 trees) quickly on an inexpensive desktop workstation. Problem execution time scaled nearly linearly with the number of discrete elements in the domain. Model results are compared with experimental data collected from an array of radiation sensors within and above a grapevine canopy and an isolated tree. Agreement between simulated and measured values of shortwave and longwave radiation were very good, with model predictions generally within the expected measurement accuracy.

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“…The method predates satellite observations (e.g., Flowers et al (1969), who present the results of a remarkable network of about 40 Voltz sun photometers across the United States), and relies on highly accurate radiometric calibration. Calibration is achieved for reference instruments by the Langley method: the systematic increase in atmospheric opacity and the corresponding decrease in solar brightness, are observed as the sun is viewed through longer atmospheric slant paths at stable, pristine mountain top observatories.…”

Section: Early Aerosol Optical Depth (Aod) Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the Uncertainties in Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing

Kahn

2011

Surv Geophys

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Direct aerosol radiative forcing (DARF) remains a leading contributor to climate prediction uncertainty. To monitor the spatially and temporally varying global atmospheric aerosol load, satellite remote sensing is required. Despite major advances in observing aerosol amount, type, and distribution from space, satellite data alone cannot provide enough quantitative detail, especially about aerosol microphysical properties, to effect the required improvement in estimates of DARF and the anthropogenic component of DARF. However, the combination of space-based and targeted suborbital measurements, when used to constrain climate models, represents an achievable next step likely to provide the needed advancement.

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Atmospheric Turbidity over the United States, 1961–1966

Cited by 208 publications

References 0 publications

An overview of mesoscale aerosol processes, comparisons, and validation studies from DRAGON networks

An overview of mesoscale aerosol processes, comparisons, and validation studies from DRAGON networks

A scalable plant-resolving radiative transfer model based on optimized GPU ray tracing

Reducing the Uncertainties in Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing

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