Atmospheric turbulence and airplane response in convective-type clouds

A simple parameterization has been developed to simulate global lightning distributions. Convective cloud top height is used as the variable in the parameterization, with different formulations for continental and marine thunderstorms. The parameterization has been validated using two lightning data sets: one global and one regional. In both cases the simulated lightning distributions and frequencies are in very good agreement with the observed lightning data. This parameterization could be used for global studies of lightning climatology; the Earth's electric circuit; in general circulation models for modeling global lightning activity, atmospheric NOx concentrations, and perhaps forest fire distributions for both the present and future climate; and, possibly, even as a short-term forecasting aid. 9919 9920 PRICE AND RIND: GLOBAL LIGHTNING PARAMETERIZATION 100.0 0.1 ß Florida (1976, 1978) ß/ ß New Mexico ( 1981 ) // ß New England (1960) •,, -5 4.9 F=3.44x10 H ß ß I , I / Iß I III t lO Cloud Height (km)

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A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions

Price

1992

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Large‐scale charge separation in thunderclouds

Williams¹

1985

J. Geophys. Res.

247

237

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Currently available evidence for the mechanisms thought to be responsible for large‐scale charge separation in thunderclouds is reviewed. The evidence suggests that electrically charged precipitation particles are basic to the electrification process but that convective motions are essential in accounting for the electrical energy of active thunderstorms. The relative contributions of air and particle motions remain largely unquantified, and the physical origins of thundercloud electrification have yet to be established.

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Empirical Studies of Atmospheric Structure and Spectra in the Free Atmosphere

Vinnichenko¹,

Dutton²

1969

Radio Science

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This review paper summarizes present knowledge about turbulence in the free atmosphere. Data from various sources allow the construction of an average spectrum of atmospheric motions which covers almost the entire range of periods from 1 second to 1 year. It is shown that the micrometeorological maximum, which probably exists in cases of moderate and severe CAT (clear air turbulence), is not separated from synoptic scale motions by a deep mesoscale gap. Theoretical considerations and observations in the laboratory, the ocean, and the free atmosphere suggest that CAT is a manifestation of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability. This implies that for better understanding of CAT, for forecasting, and for planning of air‐borne measurements, isentropic analysis of the meteorological situation is advisable. Sophisticated aircraft instrumentation is now beginning to yield data sufficiently accurate and detailed to make feasible the use of the powerful tool of energy budget analysis for CAT studies. Recent experiments in the atmosphere have not clarified the problem of the existence of the buoyant subrange and the corresponding behavior of the spectrum. Development of a high‐resolution vertical sounding technique permits the measurement of the spectra of the horizontal winds in the vertical direction, which may make possible the prediction of microturbulence features from vertical wind profile analysis. Temperature spectra in the free atmosphere are discussed, and the values of the temperature dissipation rate and of the structure function coefficient are calculated for CAT of several different intensities.

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Atmospheric turbulence and airplane response in convective-type clouds

Cited by 7 publications

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A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions

A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions

Large‐scale charge separation in thunderclouds

Empirical Studies of Atmospheric Structure and Spectra in the Free Atmosphere

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