Atmospheric Turbulence Suppression Algorithm Based on APD Adaptive Gain Control for FSO Links of 5G Floating Base Stations

Yu, Xin; Xiao, Lei; Gao, Shuaihe; Song, Yansong; Zhang, Lei; Yao, Haifeng; Wang, Tong; Chen, Xingchi; Jin, Zeyu; Zhou, Chang; Tong, Shoufeng

doi:10.1109/jphot.2020.3006511

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…It is worth mentioning, without any loss of generality, that due to the expected signal levels, the non-linear impairments are neglected. Lastly, it is worth mentioning that the choice for APD receivers is due to the proposed network scenario, which may trigger random signal fluctuations at the receiver due to the orientation/positioning deviation of the antennas at the RU premises [112][113][114]. Hence, the APD receiver is a better choice over traditional PIN receivers, as it grants more flexibility to the system [112][113][114][115].…”

Section: Novel Network Architecture Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Neves

Sanches

Nobrega

et al. 2023

Sensors

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High data rate coverage, security, and energy efficiency will play a key role in the continued performance scaling of next-generation mobile systems. Dense, small mobile cells based on a novel network architecture are part of the answer. Motivated by the recent mounting interest in free-space optical (FSO) technologies, this paper addresses a novel mobile fronthaul network architecture based on FSO, spread spectrum codes, and graphene modulators for the creation of dense small cells. The network uses an energy-efficient graphene modulator to send data bits to be coded with spread codes for achieving higher security before their transmission to remote units via high-speed FSO transmitters. Analytical results show the new fronthaul mobile network can accommodate up to 32 remote antennas under error-free transmissions with forward error correction. Furthermore, the modulator is optimized to provide maximum efficiency in terms of energy consumption per bit. The optimization procedure is carried out by optimizing both the amount of graphene used on the ring resonator and the modulator’s design. The optimized graphene modulator is used in the new fronthaul network and requires as low as 4.6 fJ/bit while enabling high-speed performance up to 42.6 GHz and remarkably using one-quarter of graphene only.

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Section: Novel Network Architecture Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Neves

Sanches

Nobrega

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…When the variance is significant, i.e., the intensity fluctuation is large, the signal light is greatly affected by atmospheric turbulence and vice versa. Let 2 I V represent the variance of light intensity flicker, which is defined as [6]:…”

Section: Atmospheric Turbulence Channel Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…APD contains high gain, high sensitivity, and rapid response characteristics, generally used as a detector in FSOC [5]. An APD automatic gain linear control algorithm was proposed to suppress atmospheric turbulence [6]. However, this algorithm has two prominent drawbacks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal signal receiving technology based on APD in atmospheric laser communications

Zhao

2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The intensity fluctuation of atmospheric turbulence significantly affects the performance of the laser communication system. To suppress the turbulence effect, we propose an avalanche photodiode (APD) optimal gain formula under the turbulence channel, taking the real-time received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as the evaluation parameter of the turbulence channel’s state. Based on this formula, we design a model of the optimal optical signal receiver in the atmospheric channel, utilizing the Fuzzy-Pi control mechanism to adapt to the nonlinear properties caused by turbulence. The experimental results show the feasibility and advantages of the control mechanism. In addition, when turbulence is weak, as Rytov variance is equal to 0.145, the variance of light intensity flicker is lowered from 0.1353 to 0.103. As Rytov variance rise to 1.068, the variance of light intensity flicker decreased from 0.6547 to 0.32.

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“…As floating BSs will be playing an important role in transmitting data in 5G FSO networks, Yu et al [ 248 ] propose an atmospheric turbulence suppression algorithm that utilizes avalanche photodiode adaptive gain control (APDAGC) that transmits laser beam that improves the performance of the FSO link as atmospheric disturbance affect its performance directly. Results show the outstanding performance of the APDAGC in terms of BER and intensity fluctuation.…”

Section: Fourth Fifth and Sixth Generationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Hybrid Free Space Optics (FSO) Communication Networks to Achieve 5G Connectivity for Backhauling

Aboelala

Lee

Chung

2022

Entropy

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Increased capacity, higher data rate, decreased latency, and better service quality are examples of the primary objectives or needs that must be catered to in the near future, i.e., fifth-generation (5G) and beyond. To fulfil these needs, cellular network design must be drastically improved. The 5G cellular network design, huge multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, and device-to-device communication are all highlighted in this comprehensive study. Hence, free-space optics (FSO) is a promising solution to address this field. However, FSO standalone is insufficient during turbulent weather conditions. FSO systems possess some limitations, such as being able to be disturbed by any interference between sender and receiver such as a flying bird and a tree, as it requires line-of-sight (LOS) connectivity. Moreover, it is sensitive to weather conditions; the FSO performance significantly decreases in bad weather conditions such as fog and snow; those factors deteriorate the performance of FSO. This paper conducts a systematic survey on the existing projects in the same area of research such as the hybrid FSO/Radio frequency (RF) communication system by listing each technique used for each model to achieve optimum performance in terms of data rate and Bit Error Rate (BER) to be implemented in 5G networks.

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Atmospheric Turbulence Suppression Algorithm Based on APD Adaptive Gain Control for FSO Links of 5G Floating Base Stations

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Optimal signal receiving technology based on APD in atmospheric laser communications

A Survey of Hybrid Free Space Optics (FSO) Communication Networks to Achieve 5G Connectivity for Backhauling

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