“…[2][3][4][5] Numerous demonstrations have ranged from the creation of nanowires [6,7] to 1D chains of atoms, [8][9][10][11][12] sculpting, [13][14][15][16][17] molecule-by-molecule deposition, [18] the movement of single atoms, [19][20][21][22][23] the attachment of atoms, [24][25][26][27][28] and atomic patterning [29] and writing. [30] At the same time, feedback-controlled methods for material transformation, manipulation, and beam control in a STEM have also become increasingly refined, now leveraging artificial-intelligence (AI) based decision making. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Likewise, advances in bottom-up synthesis techniques have shown an impressive ability to tailor molecular structures with atomic precision, revealing junction states, spin centers, quantum spin chains, topologically induced energy bands, and spin splitting.…”