Atomic force microscopy study of the topographic evolution of polyacrylonitrile thin films submitted to a rapid thermal treatment

Newton, P.; Houzé, Frédéric; Guessab, Sylvie; Noël, Sophie; Boyer, L.; Lecayon, G.; Viel, Pascal

doi:10.1016/s0040-6090(97)00126-0

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…16A). This observation is in close agreement with recently published AFM images of electrografted PAN treated at high temperature [18]. As soon as physical transformations (softening and flowing of the polymer) and chemical transformations (cyclization, cross-linking and release of gaseous products) occur, the original structure of the film changes rapidly and the porosity of the surface increases.…”

Section: Pea Grafting Firstsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The morphology of the PAN films has been observed by atomic force microscopy. When the polymer is formed in acetonitrile (ACN), which is a non-solvent for PAN, films have a granular aspect [7,18]. This observation can be explained by the rapid precipitation of the chains growing from the cathode surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extension of the electrografting process to a broad class of (meth)acrylic polymers allows new applications in relation to the availability of functional groups (e.g., epoxide, hydroxyl) able to strongly interact (or react) with another material (glass, polymer) to be joined. Until now, characterization by a series of analytical techniques, such as time of flightsecondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), XPS, IR, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), or dynamic mechanical thermal analysis has been mainly reported for PAN films grafted to the metal [15][16][17][18][19]. Since rubbery polymers (e.g., poly(ethyl acrylate), PEA) can now also be grafted onto metals, it is worth comparing their main characteristics to those of thermoplastic PAN films.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electrodeposition of mixed adherent thin films of poly(ethyl acrylate) and polyacrylonitrile onto nickel

et al. 2004

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Adherent thin polymer films have been prepared by sequential electrodeposition of ethyl acrylate (EA) and acrylonitrile (AN) onto nickel. Their composition has been studied by IR spectroscopy and time of flight -secondary ion mass spectrometry. Morphology and thickness have been analyzed by atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry, respectively, and compared to single component films of PEA and PAN. No microphase separation was detected in the mixed PEA/ PAN films. These show a granular morphology comparable to that of PAN films. The grains contain the two constitutive polymers, as confirmed by the selective thermal degradation of PEA.

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Section: Pea Grafting Firstsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrodeposition of mixed adherent thin films of poly(ethyl acrylate) and polyacrylonitrile onto nickel

et al. 2004

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“…Although this may be the case, the nature of the film structure must be different to that formed on heating. In such cases, broad absorption bands are observed in the FTIR spectrum8, 10, 37, 48 between 1500 and 1680 cm −1 and in the Raman spectrum49, 50 between 1350 and 1585 cm −1 . In the present work, a PAN film electrografted from a 1 M monomer solution in DMF onto a semitransparent, Au WE and heated at 225 °C for 2 h in a vacuum oven turned from yellow to brown.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the development of a successful protocol by Lecayon et al5, 6 there has been considerable interest in the electrografting of acrylonitrile onto metallic surfaces. Much of the early focus was on (a) the potential anticorrosion properties of the films due to the characteristically strong polymer metal covalent bond,7 and (b) on the pyrolytic decomposition of PAN into carbon8–10 so as to increase the electrical conductivity of the film. The publications appearing during the last decade or so, however, have concentrated more on attempting to understand the mechanism of grafting with major contributions coming from two teams: Lécayon and coworkers11–17 in France and Jérôme and coworkers18–24 in Belgium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azine bridge formation during the electrografting of acrylonitrile

Easter

Taylor

2009

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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We report the electrografting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films onto evaporated gold, silver, and copper substrates, and onto platinum foil. The FTIR spectra of the films are virtually identical to library spectra of PAN and show no evidence of the cyclization observed by some authors. Raman spectra of the same films, however, display a broad absorption band centered at $1520 cm À1 and a second band at 1096 cm À1 , which are neither present in spin-coated films of commercially obtained PAN nor are they present in the FTIR spectra. These previously unreported Raman bands are dependent on a number of factors in the electrografting process; the working electrode metal, the monomer concentration, the solvent used, and the electrochemical protocol used for cleaning the working electrode. The relative intensity of the bands was found to be strongest in films grown on platinum and weakest in those grown on gold, and stronger in thin films (\50 nm) than in thick films ([100 nm). We suggest that these new spectral features are associated with azine-linked polymer chains in a ladder-like structure close to the electrode surface as a result of the predominantly isotactic brush-like conformation of the polymer during the early stages of electrografting.

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Molecule‐to‐Metal Bonds: Electrografting Polymers on Conducting Surfaces

Palacin¹,

Bureau²,

Charlier³

et al. 2004

ChemPhysChem

124

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Electrografting is a powerful and versatile technique for modifying and decorating conducting surfaces with organic matter. Mainly based on the electro-induced polymerization of dissolved electro-active monomers on metallic or semiconducting surfaces, it finds applications in various fields including biocompatibility, protection against corrosion, lubrication, soldering, functionalization, adhesion, and template chemistry. Starting from experimental observations, this Review highlights the mechanism of the formation of covalent metal-carbon bonds by electro-induced processes, together with major applications such as derivatization of conducting surfaces with biomolecules that can be used in biosensing, lubrication of low-level electrical contacts, reversible trapping of ionic waste on reactive electrografted surfaces as an alternative to ion-exchange resins, and localized modification of conducting surfaces, a one-step process providing submicrometer grafted areas and which is used in microelectronics.

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Atomic force microscopy study of the topographic evolution of polyacrylonitrile thin films submitted to a rapid thermal treatment

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Electrodeposition of mixed adherent thin films of poly(ethyl acrylate) and polyacrylonitrile onto nickel

Electrodeposition of mixed adherent thin films of poly(ethyl acrylate) and polyacrylonitrile onto nickel

Azine bridge formation during the electrografting of acrylonitrile

Molecule‐to‐Metal Bonds: Electrografting Polymers on Conducting Surfaces

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