Atomic layer deposition of iron oxide on a porous carbon substrate via ethylferrocene and an oxygen plasma

Labbe, Matthew; Clark, Michael P.; Abedi, Zahra; He, A.; Cadien, Ken; Ivey, Douglas G.

doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2021.127390

Cited by 9 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The ALD process explored in this work, which was recently published by the authors, utilizes an oxygen plasma (O plasma) to deposit FeO x using the inexpensive and air stable precursor ethylferrocene (EF). Details of the process development can be found elsewhere . However, previous investigations in our group found that an O plasma reactant during ALD can etch the carbon substrate. , Indeed, this was also the case in the current work, where TEM imaging of FeO x deposited by ALD on a carbon-coated TEM grid revealed that the carbon substrate was severely damaged (Figure S1a).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…This is the same structure determined in our previous work on FeO x ALD using the same precursor. 52 Table S3 provides a more detailed indexing of the patterns, including the measured interplanar spacings and the corresponding PDF cards for both α-Fe 2 O 3 and Mn 3 O 4 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…52 However, previous investigations in our group found that an O plasma reactant during ALD can etch the carbon substrate. 42,52 Indeed, this was also the case in the current work, where TEM imaging of FeO x deposited by ALD on a carbon-coated TEM grid revealed that the carbon substrate was severely damaged (Figure S1a). To minimize carbon etching, a thin layer of Mn oxide (MnO x ) was deposited prior to FeO x ALD to act as a protective sublayer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The MnO x sublayer protects the delicate carbon substrate from the O plasma step during prolonged FeO x ALD (Figure S1b). An added benefit is that the MnO x layer has been shown to enhance the GPC for the FeO x ALD process …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth of Multiple Island Layers during Iron Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition: An Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Investigation

2022

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Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of FeOx thin films, prepared using the air stable and low cost precursor of ethylferrocene, was characterized through electron microscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) techniques. To model the growth behavior of the layer on carbon-based air electrodes in metal–air batteries, carbon substrates were employed for electron microscopy. Electron imaging revealed an island morphology for the FeOx deposits, which eventually coalesced into a continuous film with pinholes. Further growth resulted in another layer of islands forming on top of the continuous film, in a process that was repeated throughout deposition. In situ SE exhibited both substrate-enhanced and substrate-inhibited characteristics; the former was due to a MnOx seed layer deposited prior to FeOx ALD, while the latter was a consequence of the island growth mode. After an extended number of ALD cycles, the process entered a linear growth regime, which is typically associated with layer-by-layer growth. The application of an effective medium approximation model to the SE data revealed the nucleation of six different layers of FeOx islands through 650 ALD cycles. This novel work showcases the need for multiple characterization techniques to confirm the growth mode displayed by an ALD process.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Growth of Multiple Island Layers during Iron Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition: An Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Investigation

2022

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“…Lu et al applied oxygen-selective membranes based on polymers and metal–organic framework containing −OH and −NH 2 groups to effectively trap H 2 O and CO 2 . Non-solvent-induced phase separation, ,, solution deposition, , and evaporation-deposition are commonly used methods to fabricate GDLs with oxygen selectivity and water permeation resistance. However, both methods suffer from poor conformality and limited thickness control on the surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CVD-Deposited Oxygen-Selective Fluorinated Siloxane Copolymers as Gas Diffusion Layers

Cihanoğlu

Ebil

2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Copolymer thin films of 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (V4D4), 2-(perfluorohexylethylacrylate) (PFHEA), and 2-(perfluoroalkylethylmethacrylate) (PFEMA) were synthesized via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) as potential candidates for gas diffusion layers (GDLs) in gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for aqueous metal−air batteries. Thin-film GDLs exhibited an average water vapor transmission rate of 7.5 g m −2 day −1 and enhanced oxygen diffusion with oxygen permeabilities as high as 3.53 × 10 −15 mol m m −2 s −1 Pa −1 (10.5 Barrer). The electrochemical performance of GDEs fabricated using commercial catalysts, current collectors, and synthesized GDLs was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization measurements. The fabricated GDEs exhibited higher oxygen reduction current densities (228.2 mA cm −2 ) compared to commercial GDEs (132.7 mA cm −2 ). Copolymer GLDs exhibited an order of magnitude higher oxygen diffusion (39.5 × 10 −8 cm 2 s −1 ) in GDEs compared to commercial counterparts (1.84 × 10 −8 cm 2 s −1 ). Due to the high oxygen solubility of V4D4 and excellent hydrophobic behavior of PFHEA and PFEMA, their copolymers can effectively promote the diffusion of oxygen and restrict moisture intake, making them ideal materials for GDLs. Combining wellbalanced properties of siloxane and fluorinated polymer chemistries, the iCVD process is an excellent low-cost method for the fabrication of GDLs for metal−air battery applications.

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Efficient Low Temperature Performance of All Solid‐State Zinc‐Air Batteries with MnCo₂O₄/Carbon Fiber Bifunctional Electrocatalyst and Poly(Acrylic Acid) (PAA) Gel Polymer Electrolyte

Abedi

Cui

Chen

et al. 2023

Batteries & Supercaps

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Spinel type MnCo2O4 coated on asphaltene based carbon fibers (MnCo2O4/CF) was used as the electrode material/electrocatalyst for air electrodes for zinc‐air batteries (ZABs). The batteries were assembled using an alkaline poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel electrolyte. The low temperature battery performance of the prepared ZAB cells was studied in terms of charge/discharge voltage and efficiency at different current densities, cycle life, power density, and cell voltage at temperatures between −45 °C and 21 °C. At all temperatures, the ZABs successfully completed 200 cycles of charge/discharge (100 h) at 2 mA cm−2 which is double the current density reported in the recent literature. The maximum power densities at 0 and −45 °C were 75 and 12 mW cm−2, respectively. The good performance is attributed to the porous design of the air electrode and the use of an efficient electrocatalyst and an optimized gel polymer electrolyte.

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Atomic layer deposition of iron oxide on a porous carbon substrate via ethylferrocene and an oxygen plasma

Cited by 9 publications

References 56 publications

Growth of Multiple Island Layers during Iron Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition: An Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Investigation

Growth of Multiple Island Layers during Iron Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition: An Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Investigation

CVD-Deposited Oxygen-Selective Fluorinated Siloxane Copolymers as Gas Diffusion Layers

Efficient Low Temperature Performance of All Solid‐State Zinc‐Air Batteries with MnCo₂O₄/Carbon Fiber Bifunctional Electrocatalyst and Poly(Acrylic Acid) (PAA) Gel Polymer Electrolyte

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Atomic layer deposition of iron oxide on a porous carbon substrate via ethylferrocene and an oxygen plasma

Cited by 9 publications

References 56 publications

Growth of Multiple Island Layers during Iron Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition: An Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Investigation

Growth of Multiple Island Layers during Iron Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition: An Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Investigation

CVD-Deposited Oxygen-Selective Fluorinated Siloxane Copolymers as Gas Diffusion Layers

Efficient Low Temperature Performance of All Solid‐State Zinc‐Air Batteries with MnCo2O4/Carbon Fiber Bifunctional Electrocatalyst and Poly(Acrylic Acid) (PAA) Gel Polymer Electrolyte

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Efficient Low Temperature Performance of All Solid‐State Zinc‐Air Batteries with MnCo₂O₄/Carbon Fiber Bifunctional Electrocatalyst and Poly(Acrylic Acid) (PAA) Gel Polymer Electrolyte