“…For all MnO x /ZrO 2 catalysts, the binding energies of Mn 2p located at 641.0, 642.5, and 643.5 eV were distinguished, which could be assigned to Mn 2+ , Mn 3+ , and Mn 4+ , respectively. 29–32 Their concentrations for the fresh sample were 44.9%, 16.4%, and 38.7%, respectively. After reduction by plasma, the contents of Mn 3+ and Mn 4+ decreased to 14.5% and 35.4%, respectively, and that of Mn 2+ increased to 50.1% accordingly.…”