“…Although statins are known for their pleiotropic effects, pravastatin did not have a clear modulatory effect on OA synovial tissue in our study. On polarized macrophages however, pravastatin increased sCD163 production in both anti-inflammatory phenotypes, which is in line with other studies that have shown antiinflammatory effects of statins on macrophage polarization 42,43 , chondrocytes 44,45 , and progression of OA and arthritis in vivo 46,47 . Additionally, systemic statin use has also been shown to be associated with reduced progression of knee OA 48 and seemed to reduce the activity of rheumatoid arthritis in humans 49 .…”