Atractyloside-A ameliorates spleen deficiency diarrhea by interfering with TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling activation and regulating intestinal flora homeostasis

Xu, Jing; Liu, Chunlian; Shi, Kun; Sun, Xiongjie; Song, Chengcheng; Xu, Kang; Liu, Yanju

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108679

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…With the booming development of high-throughput sequencing in the field of gut microbiology, it has greatly facilitated and changed the knowledge of human research on the structure and function of microorganisms in the ecological context [ 35 ]. By means of bioinformatics, a diversity analysis, a dominant bacteria analysis, a random forest analysis and a functional prediction analysis, we explored the gut content microbiota of the diarrhea mice and normal mice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut-Kidney Impairment Process of Adenine Combined with Folium sennae-Induced Diarrhea: Association with Interactions between Lactobacillus intestinalis, Bacteroides acidifaciens and Acetic Acid, Inflammation, and Kidney Function

Peng

Qiao

et al. 2022

Cells

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Background: Extensive evidence suggests that gut microbiota may interact with the kidneys and play central roles in the pathogenesis of disease. However, the association of gut microbiota-kidneys in diarrhea remains unclear. Methods: A diarrhea mouse model was constructed by combining adenine with Folium sennae. We analyzed the characteristics of the gut content microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs); and explored the potential link between gut content microbiota, SCFAs, intestinal inflammatory response and kidney function. Results: Characteristic bacteria Lactobacillus intestinalis and Bacteroides acidifaciens were enriched in the gut contents of mice. The productions of SCFAs were remarkably inhibited. Model mice presented an increased trend of creatinine (Cr), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a decreased trend of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). The pathological analysis proved obvious damage to the kidney structure. Lactobacillus intestinalis and Bacteroides acidifaciens exisited in the correlations with acetic acid, intestinal inflammatory response and kidney function. Conclusions: Adenine combined with Folium sennae-induced diarrhea, altered the structure and function of the gut content microbiota in mice, causing the enrichment of the characteristic bacteria Lactobacillus intestinalis and Bacteroides acidifaciens. The interactions between Lactobacillus intestinalis, Bacteroides acidifaciens and acetic acid, intestinal inflammation, and kidney function might be involved in the process of gut-kidney impairment in adenine, combined with Folium sennae-induced diarrhea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut-Kidney Impairment Process of Adenine Combined with Folium sennae-Induced Diarrhea: Association with Interactions between Lactobacillus intestinalis, Bacteroides acidifaciens and Acetic Acid, Inflammation, and Kidney Function

Peng

Qiao

et al. 2022

Cells

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“…Spleen deficiency is often accompanied by immune deficiency, which generally manifests as decrease in immune organ index, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and impaired intestinal barrier 5 , 11 , 30 . It has also been found in the present study that decreases in immune organ (spleen and thymus) index, increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, and TNF-α and the significant inflammatory cell infiltration in colon in the Model group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, TNF-α is a multifunctional cytokine secreted by macrophages that not only affects the systemic inflammatory response but also regulates the expression of other inflammatory cytokines. IL-6 is usually released in the early stages of inflammation and induce inflammatory response 30 , 34 . After intervention with PHD and PHP, the rats with SDS showed a significant increase in immune organ index and decrease in the levels of IL-6, and TNF-α, suggesting that PHD and PHP improved the immune function of SDS rats.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S4 ) . SCFAs are metabolites of the intestinal flora and enhance epithelial barrier function, improve intestinal permeability and inhibit inflammation 2 , 11 , 30 . Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Alloprevotella are the main producers of butyrate in the human intestine, which is the preferred energy source of colonic epithelial cells and is important for maintaining the function of the intestinal barrier 49 , 50 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla modulate gut microbiota and alleviate syndrome of spleen deficiency in rats

Xiao

Zhao

Chang

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Pseudostellaria heterophylla, also called Tai-zi-shen (TZS) in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), is always used clinically to treat spleen deficiency symptoms. Polysaccharides in TZS have various pharmacological activities, including anti-diabetic, immune regulation, and myocardial protection. However, the relationship between the spleen-invigorating effects of TZS or its polysaccharides and intestinal flora are not clear. This study investigated the effects of TZS decoction (PHD) and polysaccharide (PHP) on immune function and intestinal flora in a rat model of spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS) induced by a decoction of raw rhubarb (RRD). PHD and PHP increased immune organ index, alleviated inflammatory cell filtration, and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats with spleen deficiency syndrome. In addition, the production of butyric acid was promoted in PHD and PHP groups. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that PHD and PHP reduced the relative abundance of Firmicutes while increasing the one of Bacteroidetes; significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the abundance of Rombutsia; and PHP significantly increased the abundance of Alloprevotella. And there was a significant positive correlation between the alleviation of SDS and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria. These findings suggested PHD and PHP, especially PHP, has a potential to relieve spleen deficiency by reducing intestinal inflammation, modulating structure and composition of gut microbiota, and promoting the production of butyric acid.

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“…Spleen deficiency is not conducive to transport and a weak stomach fails to digest processed food, resulting in water and food retention and lower spleen yang, which eventually leads to diarrhea [ 2 ]. The main characteristics of SDD are loose stools, accompanied by abdominal pain and muscle fatigue [ 3 ]. Treatment is focused on increasing vital energy and invigorating the spleen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rice Water-Fried Atractylodis Rhizoma Relieves Spleen Deficiency Diarrhea by Regulating the Intestinal Microbiome

Xiao

Wang

Yang

et al. 2023

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Background. Spleen deficiency diarrhea (SDD) is a common Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) gastrointestinal condition, the causes of which include dysfunction of the intestinal barrier and microbiota. Rice water-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma (RAR) is a commonly used drug to treat this condition, but its mechanism remains unclear. This study explored the related mechanisms of ethanolic extract of rice water-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma (EAR) in the treatment of SDD by examining changes in the intestinal microbiota. Method. Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups including the control, model, EAR low, and high-dose groups, 6 rats in each group. All rats, except the control group, were induced to develop SDD by a bitter-cold purgation method with rhubarb. The therapeutic effect of EAR on SDD was evaluated by pathological sections, inflammatory indicators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10), gastrointestinal-related indicators (GAS, DAO, D-lactate, VIP, and SIgA), and intestinal flora (bacteria and fungi) analysis. Results. The results showed that the developed SDD rat model (model group) showed weight loss, decreased food intake, and increased fecal moisture content. Compared with those of the control group, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, DAO, D-lactate, and VIP in the model group were significantly increased, but the levels of IL-10, GAS and SIgA were significantly decreased ( p < 0.05 ). However, the indicators were significantly improved after EAR treatment, indicating that EAR maintained the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduced gastric emptying, thereby protecting intestinal barrier function, alleviating intestinal mucosal injury, and relieving SDD by regulating the release of neurotransmitters. EAR was also shown to prevent infection by promoting the accumulation of noninflammatory immunoglobulin SIgA and improving intestinal mucosal immunity to inhibit the adhesion of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Intestinal microbiome analysis showed that the intestinal bacteria and fungi of SDD model rats changed greatly compared with the control group, resulting in intestinal microecological imbalance. The reversal in the composition of the flora after EAR treatment was mainly characterized by a large enrichment of beneficial bacteria represented by Lactobacillus and a decrease in the abundance of potentially pathogenic fungi represented by Aspergillus. Thus, it was speculated that EAR primarily functions to alleviate SDD by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria and reducing the abundance of potentially pathogenic fungi. Conclusion. The strong therapeutic effect of EAR on SDD suggests that it is a promising treatment for this condition.

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Atractyloside-A ameliorates spleen deficiency diarrhea by interfering with TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling activation and regulating intestinal flora homeostasis

Cited by 21 publications

References 34 publications

Gut-Kidney Impairment Process of Adenine Combined with Folium sennae-Induced Diarrhea: Association with Interactions between Lactobacillus intestinalis, Bacteroides acidifaciens and Acetic Acid, Inflammation, and Kidney Function

Gut-Kidney Impairment Process of Adenine Combined with Folium sennae-Induced Diarrhea: Association with Interactions between Lactobacillus intestinalis, Bacteroides acidifaciens and Acetic Acid, Inflammation, and Kidney Function

Polysaccharides from Pseudostellaria heterophylla modulate gut microbiota and alleviate syndrome of spleen deficiency in rats

Rice Water-Fried Atractylodis Rhizoma Relieves Spleen Deficiency Diarrhea by Regulating the Intestinal Microbiome

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