Atrazine affects craniofacial chondrogenesis and axial skeleton mineralization in zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>)

Walker, Benjamin S; Kramer, Alexander G.; Lassiter, Christopher S.

doi:10.1177/0748233718760419

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The hatching delays observed are in accordance with previous reports using the isolated atrazine pure principle at lower concentrations ( Liu et al, 2016 ; Walker et al, 2018 ). The interrelation between survival and hatching rates may hinder some deleterious effects that are not evident in the later parameter, as the lack of hatching delay in 5.0 mg/L atrazine-exposed animals only includes the surviving half population and may be considered when interpreting data.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Atrazine and Diuron Effects on Survival, Embryo Development, and Behavior in Larvae and Adult Zebrafish

et al. 2022

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Atrazine and Diuron are widely used herbicides. The use of pesticides contaminates the aquatic environment, threatening biodiversity and non-target organisms such as fish. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute exposure for 96 h hours to atrazine and diuron commercial formulations in zebrafish (Danio rerio, wild-type AB) embryos and larvae and adult stages. We observed a significant concentration-dependent survival decrease and hatching delays in animals exposed to both herbicides and in the frequency of malformations compared to the control groups. Morphological defects included cardiac edema, tail reduction, and head malformation. At 7 days post-fertilization (dpf), atrazine exposure resulted in a reduction in the head length at 2, 2.5, and 5 mg/L and increased the ocular distance at 1, 2, 2.5, and 5 mg/L atrazine when compared to controls. At the same age, diuron increased the ocular distance in animals exposed to diuron (1.0 and 1.5 mg/L) and no effects were observed on the head length. We also evaluated a behavioral repertoire in larvae at 7 dpf, and there were no significant differences in distance traveled, mean speed, time in movement, and thigmotaxis for atrazine and diuron when animals were individually placed in a new environment. The cognitive ability of the larvae was tested at 7 dpf for avoidance and optomotor responses, and neither atrazine nor diuron had significant impacts when treated groups were compared to their corresponding controls. Adults’ behavior was evaluated 7 and 8 days after the end of the acute herbicide exposure. Exploration of a new environment and associated anxiety-like parameters, social interaction, and aggressiveness were not altered. Our results highlight the need for further studies on the sublethal effects of both herbicides and the consideration of the effects of commercial formulas vs. isolated active ingredients. It also emphasizes the need to take sublethal effects into consideration when establishing the environmental limits of residues.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Our findings agree with Velki et al (2017) , that found 96 h-LC50 values of 6.31 ± 0.19 mg/L for zebrafish embryos exposed to diuron non-commercial formulation on the FET assay. Walker et al (2018) , also using isolated atrazine, found atrazine-induced mortality in an equivalent time window, but at lower concentrations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Atrazine and Diuron Effects on Survival, Embryo Development, and Behavior in Larvae and Adult Zebrafish

et al. 2022

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“…The main effects of ATZ on biology are toxic effects and endocrine interference. According to the research by Benjamin [11], ATZ can cause stunted vertebrae development of zebra fish, and excessive ATZ (more than 3 mmol/L) can cause serious defects in the craniofacial development of zebrafish. The research conducted by HAYES [12] and others found that, when the growth of the African tree frog from larva to adult are exposed to the ATZ solution with the concentration of 0.1 μg/L, 20% of the young frogs will develop into hermaphrodites, which indicates that ATZ with a low concentration can feminize the male African tree frog.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism and Kinetic Analysis of Degradation of Atrazine by US/PMS

Lü

Nie

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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The degradation effect, degradation mechanism, oxidation kinetics, and degradation products of Atrazine (ATZ) by Ultrasound/Peroxymonosulfate (US/PMS) in phosphate buffer (PB) under different conditions were studied. It turned out that the degradation rate of US/PMS to ATZ was 45.85% when the temperature of the reaction system, concentration of PMS, concentration of ATZ, ultrasonic intensity, and reaction time were 20 °C, 200 μmol/L, 1.25 μmol/L, 0.88 W/mL, and 60 min, respectively. Mechanism analysis showed that PB alone had no degradation effect on ATZ while PMS alone had extremely weak degradation effect on ATZ. HO• and SO4−• coexist in the US/PMS system, and the degradation of ATZ at pH7 is dominated by free radical degradation. Inorganic anion experiments revealed that Cl−, HCO3−, and NO3− showed inhibitory effects on the degradation of ATZ by US/PMS, with Cl− contributing the strongest inhibitory effect while NO3− showed the weakest suppression effect. According to the kinetic analysis, the degradation kinetics of ATZ by US/PMS was in line with the quasi-first-order reaction kinetics. ETA with concentration of 1 mmol/L reduced the degradation rate of ATZ by US/PMS to 10.91%. Product analysis indicated that the degradation of ATZ by US/PMS was mainly achieved by dealkylation, dichlorination, and hydroxylation, but the triazine ring was not degraded. A total of 10 kinds of ATZ degradation intermediates were found in this experiment.

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“…There were no effects on apical endpoints such as mortality, hatching rate, or gross malformations so the relevance of these responses is questionable. Significant changes in heart rate and development of craniofacial cartilage in embryos of D. rerio have been reported (Walker et al 2018). Heart rate was significantly increased at unrealistic concentrations !216 mg atrazine/L at 72-and 96 h post fertilization.…”

Section: Physiological and Biochemical Effects In Vivomentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Wirbisky et al (2016c) reported no change in hatching success of zebrafish embryos from adult zebrafish that were previously exposed to atrazine at 0, 0.3, 3, and 30 mg/L from 1 through 72 h post fertilization. Adverse effects on hatching of zebrafish was reported only at a concentration of 1078 mg atrazine/L and not below (Walker et al 2018). A study on the effects of formulated atrazine on hatching and successful emergence of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from gravel showed no effects on these endpoints at concentrations up to 250 mg/L (Du Gas et al 2017).…”

Section: Hatching Of Eggs In Fish and Amphibiansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of atrazine on fish, amphibians, and reptiles: update of the analysis based on quantitative weight of evidence

Hanson

Solomon

Kraak

et al. 2019

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Quantitative weight of evidence (QWoE) provides a framework and process for evaluating different toxicological studies based on quality and relevance of the results. This framework allows for data from these studies to be combined in separate lines of evidence to address causality, and relevance to environmental risks. In 2014, such a QWoE that examined the body of available company reports and peer reviewed literature regarding the effects of the herbicide atrazine on fish, amphibians, and reptiles was published. Since that time, new studies have been conducted and/or published. One of the advantages of the QWoE framework is that additional information can be added as it becomes available. Thus, these new studies were evaluated in the same manner as previously and the new data incorporated into the existing QWoE. As before, the new updated QWoE was based on the same process of objective scoring of individual studies with respect to the quality of the methods and the relevance of individual responses to the apical endpoints of survival, growth, development, and reproduction. These new data did not identify new responses or indicate any relevant effects of atrazine. The new updated QWoE analysis concluded that atrazine does not adversely affect fish, amphibians, and reptiles, at environmentally relevant concentrations (<100 mg atrazine/L), which is consistent with the previous conclusions. These new studies and data are discussed in this paper and the accompanying supplement information provides detailed and transparent information to support these conclusions.

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Atrazine affects craniofacial chondrogenesis and axial skeleton mineralization in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Cited by 20 publications

References 45 publications

Atrazine and Diuron Effects on Survival, Embryo Development, and Behavior in Larvae and Adult Zebrafish

Atrazine and Diuron Effects on Survival, Embryo Development, and Behavior in Larvae and Adult Zebrafish

Mechanism and Kinetic Analysis of Degradation of Atrazine by US/PMS

Effects of atrazine on fish, amphibians, and reptiles: update of the analysis based on quantitative weight of evidence

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