Atrophy, ultra-structural disorders, severe atrophy and degeneration of denervated human muscle in SCI and Aging. Implications for their recovery by Functional Electrical Stimulation, updated 2017

Kern, Helmut; Hofer, Cristian; Löefler, Stefan; Zampieri, Sandra; Gargiulo, Paolo; Baba, Alfonc; Marcante, Andrea; Piccione, Francesco; Pond, Amber; Carraro, Ugo

doi:10.1080/01616412.2017.1314906

Cited by 60 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…It weakens bone development and makes them more susceptible to fracture or loss of ability of walking [48]. Owing to ageing, muscles usually lose strength and tone resulting less coordinated or have trouble balancing movement which ultimately leads to muscle atrophy [49]. Body immunity is decreased with ageing as result infections have become more prominent that eventually cause death [50].…”

Section: Ageing and Its Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pycnogenol: A Miracle Component in Reducing Ageing and Skin Disorders

Chowdhury¹,

Arbee²,

Debnath³

et al. 2017

J Clin Exp Dermatol Res

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The world is becoming uninhabitable owing to wide globalization. A large number of industries are contributing in water, soil, air, and environment pollution. Increased use of chemicals and accidental chemical spills are also hampering their surroundings. CFC containing tools and technologies are increasing due to higher demand in the market resulting ozone layers are highly affected which make the UV free towards the earth. Several environmental toxins and UV-radiation are the primary reasons for skin dysfunctions as a result skin loses its tone, strength, flux, density, and glamour that further lead to wrinkles and ageing. Chronic UV exposure may also lead to skin cancers. Pycnogenol, on the other hand, has been a major source for both flavonols and polyphenols, which is very potent against several diseases. Evidences suggest that pycnogenol prevents from multiple skin dysfunctions. Its components are equally potent against skin cancers as well. Moreover, several harmful downstream kinases and proteins are also inhibited by this component. In addition, it has been strongly proven beneficial in reducing ageing by preventing free radical generations, at the same time; it also helps in cell regeneration and replication. Thus, in this study we tried to identify the correlate possible molecular theories on ageing and related skin diseases. Finally, a possible benefit of pycnogenol using on skin disorders would be established.

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Section: Ageing and Its Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pycnogenol: A Miracle Component in Reducing Ageing and Skin Disorders

Chowdhury¹,

Arbee²,

Debnath³

et al. 2017

J Clin Exp Dermatol Res

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“…The occurrence of SCI triggers a series of neurophysiological impairments in peripheral nerves, conjunctive support structures of neural elements, and the variation in myelination of axons, thus lowering the speed of conduction of the nerve pulse (for review see). Compromised force production due to muscle atrophy is one of the effects of these alterations characterized by a reduction in the size and/or number of muscle fibers, the process of atrophy of disuse (disruption of synaptic conduction of the central nervous system to intact motor neurons), or the process of denervation (lesion in motor neurons) . Both processes induce changes in the ratio of slow and fast muscle fibers, with an increase in type II muscle fibers (fast glycolytic) in relation to type I fibers (slow) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compromised force production due to muscle atrophy is one of the effects of these alterations characterized by a reduction in the size and/or number of muscle fibers, the process of atrophy of disuse (disruption of synaptic conduction of the central nervous system to intact motor neurons), or the process of denervation (lesion in motor neurons). 3,4 Both processes induce changes in the ratio of slow and fast muscle fibers, with an increase in type II muscle fibers (fast glycolytic) in relation to type I fibers (slow). 5,6 Type II fibers are characterized by high glycolytic capacity and low resilience, and they are quickly fatigued.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatigue in complete spinal cord injury and implications on total delay

et al. 2019

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The use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to artificially restore movement in people with complete spinal cord injury (SCI) induces an accelerated process of muscle fatigue. Fatigue increases the time between the beginning of NMES and the onset of muscle force (DelayTOT). Understanding how much muscle fatigue affects the DelayTOT in people with SCI could help in the design of closed‐loop neuroprostheses that compensate for this delay, thus making the control system more stable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the extent of fatigue on DelayTOT and peak force of the lower limbs in people with complete SCI. Fifteen men—young adults with complete SCI (paraplegia and tetraplegia) and stable health—participated in the experiment. DelayTOT was defined as the time interval between the beginning of NMES application until the onset of muscle force. The electrical intensity of NMES applied was adjusted individually and consisted of the amplitude required to obtain a full extension of the knee (0°), considering the maximum electrically stimulated extension (MESE). Subsequently, 70% of the MESE was applied during the fatigue induction protocol. Significant differences were identified between the moments before and after the fatigue protocol, both for peak force (P ≤ .026) and DelayTOT (P ≤ .001). The medians and interquartile range of the DelayTOT were higher in postfatigue (199.0 ms) when compared to the moment before fatigue (146.5 ms). The medians and interquartile range of the peak force were higher in unfatigued lower limbs (0.43 kgf) when compared to the moment postfatigue (0.27 kgf). The results support the hypothesis that muscle fatigue influences the increase in DelayTOT and decrease in force production in people with SCI. For future applications, the combined evaluation of the delay and force in SCI patients provides valuable feedback for NMES paradigms. The study will provide potentially critical muscle mechanical evidence for the investigation of the evolution of atrophy.

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“…Furthermore, I would like to stress that FES of denervated muscles may recover them from atrophy and degeneration [9][10][11].…”

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confidence: 99%