Attempts to control sand flies by insecticide-sprayed strips along the periphery of a village

Impact of Phlebotomine Sand Flies on United State Military Operations at Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 6. Evaluation of Insecticides for the Control of Sand Flies

“…Orshan et al (2006) suggested the high temperatures, blowing dust, and intense radiation found in parts of Israel limit the efÞcacy of residual insecticides, whereas Kiss and Virág (2009) and Uyanik and Ozdemir (1999) demonstrated higher intensities of ultraviolet light and warmer ambient temperatures, respectively, increased the degradation of insecticides. Amarasekare and Edelson (2004) reported the residual activity of endosulfan, naled, esfenvalerate, and spinosad decreased with increasing time (0 Ð24 h) after exposure to sunlight and high summer temperatures, whereas Tietze et al (1996) found the half-life of naled was reduced from 8 to 1Ð1.2 h by direct sunlight.…”

“…Wilamowski and Pener (2003) suggested DDT was the insecticide of choice in Israel because of its long residual activity under the harsh climatic conditions in the arid regions of the country, and stated numerous trials with more "friendly" insecticides had not proved satisfactory. Recently, Orshan et al (2006) suggested high summer temperatures, strong radiation, and blowing dust limit the efÞcacy of sand ßy control methods in desert or semidesert environments, whereas Wilamowski and Pener (2003) reported that the residual activity of microencapsulated insecticides was signiÞcantly reduced after exposure to semiarid conditions. Jassim et al (2006) reported that a residual spray program combined with distribution of permethrin-treated bednets in the Thi Qar Governate of Iraq resulted in a significant reduction in visceral leishmaniasis in 2003 and 2004; however, no information was given on the insecticides used nor was any attempt made to assess the impact of treatment on sand ßy populations.…”

Control of Phlebotomine Sand Flies With Vertical Fine-Mesh Nets

“…Deltamethrin is one of the insecticides used for treating bednets for mosquitoborne disease control (Pates and Curtis 2005) and has also been shown efÞcacious in controlling several species of sand ßies (Alexander et al 1995b, Alexander and Maroli 2003, Moosa-Kazemi et al 2007, Ritmeijer et al 2007). Beta-cyßuthrin was selected for treating the SpiderNetϩ because data existed showing that, under desert conditions such as those prevailing in the Judean Desert, Beta-cyßuthrin was effective against phlebotomine sand ßies (Tetreault et al 2001, Orshan et al 2006.…”

“…Depending on the application techniques, timing, and target species, sand ßies are known to be highly susceptible to insecticides (Alexander et al 1995a, Alexander and Maroli 2003, Wilamowski and Pener 2003, Orshan et al 2006. Residual formulations of DDT and pyrethroids have been used to control sand ßies both in the old world and the Neotropics (Hertig and Fisher 1945, Hertig and Fairchild 1948, Hertig 1949, Le Pont et al 1989, Marcondes and Nascimento 1993.…”

“…Sand ßy activity was monitored above and below the strip. No signiÞcant difference in numbers of sand ßies was found, and marked sand ßies were shown to cross the barrier presumably by ßying directly over it to reach the peripheral houses unaffected (Orshan et al 2006).…”