Attention and gaze shifting in dual-task and go/no-go performance with vocal responding

Lamers, M.J.M.; Roelofs, Ardi

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.12.005

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This suggests that when distractors are not mapped onto responses, like the Xs, they do not yield conflict. Moreover, in a new experiment in our lab (Lamers & Roelofs, 2010) with 20 participants vocally responding in the Eriksen flanker task and the design of Verbruggen et al (2006), we obtained evidence for response conflict (RT response-incongruent . RT stimulusincongruent), t(19) ¼ -6.25, p , .001, but not for stimulus conflict (RT stimulus-incongruent ≈ RT congruent), t(19) ¼ 0.19, p .…”

Section: Two Alternative Accounts Of the Present Findingsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Attentional control adjustments in Eriksen and Stroop task performance can be independent of response conflict

Lamers

Roelofs

2011

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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In the Eriksen flanker and colour-word Stroop tasks, the response time (RT) difference between incongruent and congruent trials is smaller following incongruent trials than following congruent trials: the "Gratton effect" (Gratton, Coles, & Donchin, 1992). According to the prevailing conflict-monitoring theory (Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, & Cohen, 2001), the Gratton effect reflects attentional control adjustment following response conflict on incongruent trials. However, because previous studies compared incongruent and congruent trials, it remains unclear to what extent the Gratton effect is driven by incongruent rather than congruent trials. To resolve this issue, we included neutral trials in addition to incongruent and congruent trials in the Eriksen (Experiment 1) and Stroop (Experiment 2) tasks. Participants responded manually and vocally in both tasks. Moreover, we assessed responding to Stroop stimuli that were preceded by neutral cues or by incongruent- or congruent-predicting cues (Experiment 3). In all three experiments, the RT difference between incongruent and congruent trials was larger for postcongruent trials than for postincongruent and postneutral trials. These findings suggest that control adjustments can be independent of response conflict, challenging conflict-monitoring theory.

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Section: Two Alternative Accounts Of the Present Findingsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Attentional control adjustments in Eriksen and Stroop task performance can be independent of response conflict

Lamers

Roelofs

2011

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Evidence that attention shifts occur earlier in go/no-go than dual-task situations was obtained in an eye tracking study of Lamers and Roelofs (2011). Participants vocally responded to congruent and incongruent flanker stimuli presented on the left side of a computer screen and shifted gaze to left- or right-pointing arrows presented on the right side of the screen.…”

Section: Evidence That Word Planning Does Not Require Full Central Atmentioning

confidence: 97%

Attention demands of spoken word planning: a review

Roelofs¹

2011

Front. Psychology

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110

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Attention and language are among the most intensively researched abilities in the cognitive neurosciences, but the relation between these abilities has largely been neglected. There is increasing evidence, however, that linguistic processes, such as those underlying the planning of words, cannot proceed without paying some form of attention. Here, we review evidence that word planning requires some but not full attention. The evidence comes from chronometric studies of word planning in picture naming and word reading under divided attention conditions. It is generally assumed that the central attention demands of a process are indexed by the extent that the process delays the performance of a concurrent unrelated task. The studies measured the speed and accuracy of linguistic and non-linguistic responding as well as eye gaze durations reflecting the allocation of attention. First, empirical evidence indicates that in several task situations, processes up to and including phonological encoding in word planning delay, or are delayed by, the performance of concurrent unrelated non-linguistic tasks. These findings suggest that word planning requires central attention. Second, empirical evidence indicates that conflicts in word planning may be resolved while concurrently performing an unrelated non-linguistic task, making a task decision, or making a go/no-go decision. These findings suggest that word planning does not require full central attention. We outline a computationally implemented theory of attention and word planning, and describe at various points the outcomes of computer simulations that demonstrate the utility of the theory in accounting for the key findings. Finally, we indicate how attention deficits may contribute to impaired language performance, such as in individuals with specific language impairment.

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“…Such an account "assumes that PRP phenomena result from scheduling and control strategies enacted by a central executive, whereas RSB [response-selection bottleneck] theory says nothing about such strategies and explains PRP phenomena without them" (Logan & Gordon, 2001, p. 395). Under an active scheduling account of concurrent tone discrimination and picture naming, participants strategically postpone particular stages of picture-word processing until particular stages of tone processing have been finished (e.g., Lamers & Roelofs, 2011;Piai et al, 2011;Roelofs, 2007Roelofs, , 2008a. To this end, participants set a point during Task 2 performance at which processing is strategically suspended, which is typically before or after response selection in Task 2.…”

Section: Passive Queuing and Active Scheduling Accountsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rather, the issue is the constructs that the theorists include in their theories, and the RSB theories do not include executive scheduling and control strategies in their explanations of PRP phenomena" (p. 395). Under an active-scheduling account (e.g., Kondo et al, 2004;Lamers & Roelofs, 2011;Logan & Gordon, 2001;Meyer & Kieras, 1997a;Roelofs, 2007Roelofs, , 2008aPiai et al, 2011;Szameitat et al, 2002Szameitat et al, , 2006, an executive control process actively coordinates Task 1 and Task 2 processes by monitoring progress on the tasks, suspending picture naming and holding it in working memory, and determining when to resume picture naming. This latter account predicts a relation between individual differences in updating/monitoring ability and dual-task interference, as observed in the present experiment.…”

Section: Passive Queuing Versus Active Schedulingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Working memory capacity and dual-task interference in picture naming

Piai

Roelofs

2013

Acta Psychologica

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Researchers have found no agreement on whether dual-task interference in language performance, such as dual-task interference from tone discrimination on picture naming, reflects passive queuing or active scheduling of processes for each task. According to a passive-queuing account, while a central response-selection bottleneck is occupied by the tone discrimination task, picture naming is held in a passive queue until the bottleneck is freed. In contrast, according to an active-scheduling account, participants determine the order in which the tasks proceed, monitor progress on the tasks, suspend picture naming and hold it in working memory, and determine when to resume picture naming. Here, we report a study that assessed the relative merits of the queuing and scheduling accounts by examining whether the magnitude of dual-task interference in picture naming is associated with individual differences in the capacity of monitoring and updating of working memory representations, as assessed by the operation-span task. We observed that the updating/monitoring ability correlated with the speed of picture naming and with the magnitude of the interference from tone discrimination on picture naming. These results lend support to the active-scheduling account of dual-task interference in picture naming.

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Attention and gaze shifting in dual-task and go/no-go performance with vocal responding

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

Attentional control adjustments in Eriksen and Stroop task performance can be independent of response conflict

Attentional control adjustments in Eriksen and Stroop task performance can be independent of response conflict

Attention demands of spoken word planning: a review

Working memory capacity and dual-task interference in picture naming

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