Attention and Trust Biases in the Design of Augmented Reality Displays

Abstract

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. ABSTRACTThis experiment seeks to examine the relationship between three advanced technology features (presentation of target cueing -and the reliability of that data, image reality, and interactivity) and the attention and trust provided to that information. In particular, we investigate the nature of two sorts of biases: an attention bias, in which the operator focuses attention to an area highlighted by the automation at the expense of other areas of the visual scene, and a trust bias, in which unwarranted attention is given to the guidance information.Sixteen military personnel searched for targets camouflaged in terrain, presented at two levels of scene detail (manipulated by varying the number of polygons with which the scene was generated and the level of the detail with which the scene was textured) while performing a terrain association task. Half the subjects actively navigated through the terrain; the other half passively viewed the control path of an active navigator. Cueing was presented for some of the targets, and the reliability of this information was manipulated at two levels (100% and 75%). More importantly, there were objects in the environment that were of high priority and uncued, and detection of these targets provided an assessment as to the degree of an operator's reliance on the cueing information. To assess trust in the terrain simulation, subjects were asked to perform terrain association given a hand-held paper map and report any inconsistencies between the visualization and the map.The results showed that the presence of cueing aided the target detection task for expected targets but drew attention away from the presence of unexpected targets in the environment. Cueing benefits and attentional tunneling were both reduced when cueing became less reliable. Unfortunately, despite knowing that the cue was only partially reliable, subjects still trusted the cue more than was warranted as evidenced by an increased false alarm rate, a drop in sensitivity, and a risky criterion shift. The degree of this change in sensitivity was so great that the loss of reliability in the cue eliminated the benefits of cueing.Finally, neither image reality nor interactivity directly influenced trust...

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