Attention capture is temporally stable: Evidence from mixed-model correlations

Weichselbaum, Hanna; Huber-Huber, Christoph; Ansorge, Ulrich

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.07.013

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…We used color singletons (one red stimulus among green stimuli, or one green stimulus among red stimuli) to trigger stimulus-driven attention shifts (cf. Theeuwes, 1992 ; Weichselbaum et al, 2018 ). There were three different configurations: the singleton was the target (attention at the target position; target singleton), the singleton was one of the distractors (attention at a distractor position; distractor singleton), and no singleton present (half of the stimuli in one color, other half in the other color, with color changes between all adjacent positions).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Chica et al, 2012 ). Stimuli can draw our attention in two different ways ( Egeth and Yantis, 1997 ; Wolfe et al, 2003 ; Connor et al, 2004 ; Weichselbaum et al, 2018 ): in an intentional, goal-directed way (top–down/endogenous) or in an automatic, stimulus-driven way (bottom–up/exogenous). In top–down capture, only a stimulus matching the goals and/or search intentions of the observer will capture attention; for example, when looking for a tomato in the supermarket, only red and round objects will be selected for further processing (e.g., Duncan and Humphreys, 1989 ; Folk et al, 1992 ; Büsel et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, in stimulus-driven capture, stimuli capture attention by standing out among other stimuli or against the background (e.g., Nothdurft, 1993 ), for example, due to their overall salience (i.e., their local differences in color, intensity, and orientation; Itti and Koch, 2001 ). For example, a color singleton, with a unique color presented among color-homogeneous non-singletons, would capture attention even if task-irrelevant ( Theeuwes, 1992 ; Weichselbaum et al, 2018 ). The selected stimuli are attended to, and the corresponding information is maintained in visual short-term memory (STM), whereas unattended stimuli are not processed further, and the information is lost ( Baddeley, 1986 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Awareness and Stimulus-Driven Spatial Attention as Independent Processes

Baier

Goller

Ansorge

2020

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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To investigate the relation between attention and awareness, we manipulated visibility/awareness and stimulus-driven attention capture among metacontrast-masked visual stimuli. By varying the time interval between target and mask, we manipulated target visibility measured as target discrimination accuracies (ACCs; Experiments 1 and 2) and as subjective awareness ratings (Experiment 3). To modulate stimulus-driven attention capture, we presented the masked target either as a color-singleton (the target stands out by its unique color among homogeneously colored non-singletons), as a non-singleton together with a distractor singleton elsewhere (an irrelevant distractor has a unique color, whereas the target is colored like the other stimuli) or without a singleton (no stimulus stands out; only in Experiment 1). As color singletons capture attention in a stimulus-driven way, we expected target visibility/discrimination performance to be best for target singletons and worst with distractor singletons. In Experiments 1 and 2, we confirmed that the masking interval and the singleton manipulation influenced ACCs in an independent way and that attention capture by the singletons, with facilitated performance in target-singleton compared to distractor-singleton conditions, was found regardless of the interval-induced (in-)visibility of the targets. In Experiment 1, we also confirmed that attention capture was the same among participants with worse and better visibility/discrimination performance. In Experiment 2, we confirmed attention capture by color singletons with better discrimination performance for probes presented at singleton position, compared to other positions. Finally, in Experiment 3, we found that attention capture by target singletons also increased target awareness and that this capture effect on subjective awareness was independent of the effect of the masking interval, too. Together, results provide new evidence that stimulus-driven attention and awareness operate independently from one another and that stimulus-driven attention capture can precede awareness.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Awareness and Stimulus-Driven Spatial Attention as Independent Processes

Baier

Goller

Ansorge

2020

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…These studies collectively identified that response time exhibits poor reliability over experience-driven attention effects. However, in Anderson and Kim (2019), value-driven oculomotor capture exhibited strong test-retest reliability, suggesting that oculomotor capture may be more sensitive and reliable in contrast to oculomotor fixation times and even more so when compared with manual response times (Anderson & Kim, 2019; Weichselbaum et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Reliably Measuring Learning-Dependent Distractor Suppression with Eye Tracking

Kim,

Grégoire,

Anderson

2024

Preprint

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In the field of psychological science, behavioral performance in computer-based cognitive tasks often exhibits poor reliability. The absence of reliable measures of cognitive processes contributes to non-reproducibility in the field and impedes investigation of individual differences. Specifically in visual search paradigms, response time-based measures have shown poor test-retest reliability and internal consistency across attention capture and distractor suppression, but one study has demonstrated the potential for oculomotor measures to exhibit superior reliability. Therefore, in this study, we investigated three datasets to compare the reliability of learning-dependent distractor suppression measured via distractor fixations (oculomotor capture) and latency to fixate the target (fixation times). Our findings reveal superior split-half reliability of oculomotor capture compared to that of fixation times regardless of the critical distractor comparison, with the reliability of oculomotor capture in most cases falling within the range that is acceptable for the investigation of individual differences. We additionally find that older adults have superior oculomotor reliability compared with young adults, potentially addressing a significant limitation in the aging literature of high variability in response time measures due to slower responses. Our findings highlight the utility of measuring eye movements in the pursuit of reliable indicators of distractor processing and the need to further test and develop additional measures in other sensory domains to maximize statistical power, reliability, and reproducibility.

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“…In addition, in a control block, color singletons—a unique blue singleton distractor among the red target and green nonsingleton distractors—captured attention and delayed search times among Korean and German speakers, demonstrating that stimulus-driven capture of attention by a salient local color difference was the same in both groups (cf. Itti & Koch, 2001; Itti et al, 1998; Theeuwes, 1992; Weichselbaum et al, 2018). Together, these findings are in line with a well-practiced habitual generalization of stimulus-driven attention capture by linguistically relevant distinctions to a nonlinguistic visual search task (cf.…”

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confidence: 99%

Does language rule perception? Testing a radical view of linguistic relativity.

Baier¹,

Choi²,

Goller³

et al. 2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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To investigate whether language rules the visual features that can be discriminated (a radical assumption of linguistic relativity), we examined crosslinguistic differences between native Korean and German speakers during liminal perception of a target disk that was difficult to perceive because its visibility suffered from masking by a ring that followed and enclosed the target disk (metacontrast-masking). Target-mask fit varied, with half of the masks tightly and the other half loosely encircling the targets. In Korean, such tight versus loose spatial relations are semantically distinguished and thus highly practiced, whereas in German, they are collapsed within a single semantic category, thus are not distinguished by language. We expected higher sensitivity and greater attention to varying spatial target-mask distances in Korean than in German speakers. This was confirmed in Experiment 1, where Korean speakers consistently outperformed German speakers in discriminating liminal metacontrast-masked stimuli. To ensure that this effect was not attributable to generic differences in attention capture or by language-independent differences between participant groups, we investigated stimulus-driven attention capture by color singletons and conducted a control experiment using object-substitution masking, where tightness of fit was not manipulated. We found no differences between Korean and German speakers regarding stimulus-driven attention capture or perceptual sensitivity. This was confirmed in Experiment 3, where we manipulated types of masking within participants. In addition, we validated the tightness-of-fit manipulation in a language-related task (Experiment 4). Overall, our results are consistent with linguistic relativity, namely its assumed generalized language influences in nonlinguistic perceptual tasks.

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Attention capture is temporally stable: Evidence from mixed-model correlations

Cited by 8 publications

References 50 publications

Awareness and Stimulus-Driven Spatial Attention as Independent Processes

Awareness and Stimulus-Driven Spatial Attention as Independent Processes

Reliably Measuring Learning-Dependent Distractor Suppression with Eye Tracking

Does language rule perception? Testing a radical view of linguistic relativity.

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