Attentional Biases in Adults Who Stutter before and following Social Threat Induction

Bauerly, Kim R.

doi:10.1159/000519865

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The effects of these attentional shifts on behavioral, autonomic and articulatory parameters have not been investigated. Some of our earlier work (Bauerly, 2021) provided evidence that the attentional biases in AWS when speaking under SET is similar to what is reported in high anxious ANS6. This presentation will provide results from a study investigating the effects of attentional biases on speech motor control in AWS during SET.…”

Section: Investigating Attentional Focus As a Mediating Factor To The...supporting

confidence: 73%

Abstracts of the 8th International Conference on Speech Motor Control Groningen, August 2022

SSTP

2022

SSTP

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This Supplement of ‘Tijdschrift voor Stem-, Spraak- en Taalpathologie’ (Journal of Voice, Speech and Language Pathology) contains the abstracts of the eighth edition of the International Conference on Speech Motor Control, held in Groningen, The Netherlands, August 24 - 27, 2022. With this eighth conference, a well-established Nijmegen (5 editions) - Groningen (6th & 7th edition) tradition continues. This conference, like the ones before, highlights new trends and state-of-the-art approaches in theoretical and applied research in the area of normal and disordered speech motor control. The five years since the previous conference in 2017 have yielded not only further insights in genetic, neural, physiological and developmental aspects of speech production, stuttering and other speech motor conditions, but have also advanced theoretical modelling. Combined with ongoing studies of populations that are increasingly better characterized genetically and neurobiologically, this quantitative boost of interdisciplinary results is now leading to a qualitative turning point in which large data sets are analyzed with powerful artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. The implementation of theories into computational models allows for the explicit testing of multifactorial interactions, thereby going beyond the more traditional single-factor experiments. Machine learning and the data sharing required to make this feasible are a special topic of the 2022 conference.

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Section: Investigating Attentional Focus As a Mediating Factor To The...supporting

confidence: 73%

Abstracts of the 8th International Conference on Speech Motor Control Groningen, August 2022

SSTP

2022

SSTP

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“…While the causal nature of these relations is speculative, there is indeed some support for this conceptualization as marginalized individuals’ experiences with invalidation and discrimination can heighten one's sensitivity to rejection and internal affective states (J. M. Cohen et al, 2016; Pachankis, 2007; Testa et al, 2015). Indeed, AWS has been shown to become hypervigilant to negative social cues and information following evaluative social interaction information (Bauerly, 2022; Lowe et al, 2016). More research on how these variables are related is needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a probability discounting task of communication for adults who stutter.

Rodriguez¹,

Rasmussen²,

Hudock³

2023

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Previous research indicates speaking may be emotionally and socially risky for adults who stutter (AWS) due to psychological distress induced by others following a dysfluency. This may impact communication-related decision-making; however, no measure had been developed to objectively quantify this variable. The present study aimed to develop and validate the Probability Discounting for Communication (PDC) task, a behavioral measure of risk taking that characterizes decreasing subjective value of hypothetical communication engagement as the probability of stuttering and listener reaction change. AWS (n = 67) and adults who do not stutter (AWNS; n = 93) were recruited from an online listserv and MTurk. Across a series of trials, participants completed the PDC by using a visual analog scale to indicate their subjective value of communication as probabilities of stuttering (1%-99%) and magnitudes of negative listener reaction risk (10%, 50%, 90%) were manipulated. They also completed measures of stuttering, communication, and demographics. Results revealed communication was discounted hyperbolically across increasing dysfluency odds. AWS showed more systematic discounting patterns compared to AWNS suggesting AWS may be more sensitive to communication due to experiences with stuttering. A magnitude effect was found with both AWS and AWNS discounting communication more steeply with increasing negative listener reaction risk. Significant associations were observed between discounting, stuttering, and communication measures among AWS, which indicates that sensitivity to risk in the context of stuttering and social reaction may influence communication engagement. Overall, the PDC functions as a measure to assess underlying decisionmaking patterns related to communication among AWS, which may inform treatment.

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Behind the mask: Stuttering, anxiety, and communication dynamics in the era of COVID‐19

Karimi,

Rasoli Jokar,

Salehi

et al. 2024

Intl J Lang & Comm Disor

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BackgroundWhile wearing masks during the pandemic poses communication and social challenges for people in everyday life, those with social anxiety might find them plausible, aligning with contemporary cognitive theories. Social anxiety involves fearing negative assessments and holding a negative self‐image. Concealing anxiety symptoms during mask use may contribute to a more positive self‐perception.AimsGiven that up to 60% of adults seeking stuttering treatment also meet criteria for social anxiety disorder, this study aims to investigate the complex relationship between communication freedom, self‐perceived stuttering and anxiety in adults who stutter (AWS). The unique context of mandatory mask‐wearing during the pandemic provides an opportunity to explore these dynamics and understand the conflicting relationships between stuttering, anxiety‐related safety behaviours and the need for open communication in AWS.Methods and ProceduresTwenty AWS participated in interviews, responding to open‐ended questions to elucidate their affective, cognitive and behavioural experiences while wearing masks during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Thematic analysis was used to identify the emerging themes and subthemes based on information‐rich quotes, employing a six‐phase recursive process. Various speech and anxiety‐related measures were used to describe the characteristics of the study participants.Outcomes and ResultsThree main themes and sub‐themes emerged. The first theme highlights communication challenges for AWS wearing masks, impacting verbal and nonverbal interactions. The second theme reveals AWS wearing masks to conceal stuttering cues, experiencing reduced stress. The third theme indicates that, despite the comfort in concealment, most AWS prefer speaking freely without a face mask.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe conflict between the desire for authentic, fluent communication and the ease of hiding stuttering symptoms poses a major dilemma for AWS. According to the results of this study, most adults who stutter prioritize open communication. However, there were some individual differences. A major factor influencing their decision was their fear of negative evaluation.WHAT THIS PAPER ADDSWhat is already known on the subject The prevalence of social anxiety is higher among adults who stutter (AWS), possibly stemming from their prior negative experiences with stuttering. In response, AWS may adopt adaptive or maladaptive coping behaviours to manage stuttering and mitigate fears of negative evaluation. Maladaptive strategies, like avoiding certain communication situations, can diminish their satisfaction with everyday speaking situations.What this study adds This study leveraged the mask‐wearing mandate during the pandemic to explore the intricate relationship between anxiety‐related symptoms and communication. While some participants saw masks as a plausible means to conceal stuttering and anxiety, most preferred open communication without the challenges posed by masks. Our findings offer additional support for the varied emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses that AWS may display in response to changes in daily life, emphasizing the individual differences within this population and highlighting that stuttering goes beyond observable speech dysfluencies.What are the clinical implications of this work? Our study underscores the need for comprehensive therapeutic interventions addressing both the physical and cognitive‐emotional aspects of stuttering in AWS. Recognizing the role of safety behaviours and self‐focused attention emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach, enhancing communication efficacy and social well‐being for AWS. Addressing speech fluency alone, without considering pertinent cognitive‐emotional factors, falls short in providing adequate stuttering treatment.

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Attentional Biases in Adults Who Stutter before and following Social Threat Induction

Cited by 4 publications

References 84 publications

Abstracts of the 8th International Conference on Speech Motor Control Groningen, August 2022

Abstracts of the 8th International Conference on Speech Motor Control Groningen, August 2022

Development of a probability discounting task of communication for adults who stutter.

Behind the mask: Stuttering, anxiety, and communication dynamics in the era of COVID‐19

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