Attentional Dwelling and Capture by Color Singletons

Ruthruff, Eric; Faulks, Michael; Maxwell, Joshua W; Gaspelin, Nicholas

doi:10.1167/17.10.938

Cited by 3 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Finally, in the same studies (Gaspelin et al, 2016;Lamy et al, 2018;Ruthruff et al, 2020), response times increased with search difficulty when the target appeared at the cued location. According to the standard interpretation of spatial cueing effects, the reason why performance is better on valid-than on invalid-cue trials is that attention is already focused on the target location when the search display appears and observers can respond to the target without having to disengage their attention from a non-target location and move it to the target location.…”

Section: Challenges To the Traditional Interpretation Of Spatial Cueing Effectsmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…As a result, the spatial cueing benefit can no longer be observed when the target finally appears at the cued location (Fast-Disengagement hypothesis; e.g., Theeuwes, Atchley & Kramer, 2000; but see Chen & Mordkoff, 2007;Lamy, 2005). Others have suggested that attention dwells at the location of the cue until the search display appears, and that the spatial cueing effect mainly indexes the time it takes to reject the distractor at the cued location (attentional-dwelling hypothesis, Gaspelin, Ruthruff & Lien, 2016;Ruthruff, Faulks, Maxwell & Gaspelin, 2020). Specifically, these authors proposed that irrelevant onset cues routinely capture attention, but their effects may or may not be observed: spatial cueing effects are reliable when the distractors are similar to the target and thus difficult to reject, but not when the distractors are dissimilar from it and can be immediately rejected-as was typically the case in Folk and colleagues' studies and their replications.…”

Section: The Spatial Cueing Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, Gaspelin et al, (2016; see also Lamy, Darnell, Levi & Bublil, 2018;Ruthruff et al, 2020) manipulated search difficulty by varying target-nontarget similarity in the search display and measured the spatial cueing effects associated with an abrupt-onset cue. They found the spatial cueing effect to increase with search difficulty.…”

Section: Challenges To the Traditional Interpretation Of Spatial Cueing Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Experiment 1, we set out to replicate our previous findings supporting PAF (Lamy et al, 2018, Exp.1), with brief displays and relying on accuracy rather than on RTs as the dependent measure. In Experiment 2, we focused on the finding that target-distractor similarity modulates performance on valid-cue trials (Gaspelin et al, 2016;Lamy et al, 2018;Ruthruff et al, 2020) and tested PAF's interpretation of this finding against alternative accounts. Finally, in Experiment 3, we sought more direct evidence for PAF's hypothesis that on any given trial, whether an object in the search display is the first to receive attention jointly depends on whether the cue appeared at its location, on the similarity of that object to the target and on how difficult it is to resolve the competition with other objects in the search display.…”

Section: Objective Of the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial cueing effects do not always index attentional capture: evidence for a priority accumulation framework

Darnell

Lamy

2021

Psychological Research

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The spatial cueing paradigm is a popular tool to investigate under what conditions irrelevant objects capture attention against the observer's intention. In this paradigm, finding better visual search performance when the target appears at the location of an irrelevant cue is taken to indicate that this cue summoned attention to its location, before the search display appeared. Here, we provide evidence challenging this canonical interpretation of spatial-cueing (or cue-validity) effects and supporting the priority accumulation framework (PAF). According to PAF, the cue can bias attention but such bias takes effect only when the relevant context for selection (the search display) appears: attentional priority accumulates over time at each location until the search context triggers selection of the location that has accumulated the highest priority. We used a spatial-cueing paradigm with abruptly onset cues and search displays varying in target-distractor similarity. We found that search performance on valid-cue trials deteriorates the more difficult the search (Experiment 1), and showed that this finding is explained by PAF but cannot be accommodated within the standard interpretation of spatial-cueing effects (Experiment 2). Finally, we assessed the priority accumulated at each location by using a combination of the spatial-cueing and dot-probe paradigms (Experiment 3). We showed that the similarity of the cued object to the target modulates probe detection performance, a finding that is at odds with the standard interpretation of cueing effects and supports PAF's predictions. We discuss the implications of the findings in resolving existing controversies on the determinants of attentional priority.

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Section: Challenges To the Traditional Interpretation Of Spatial Cueing Effectsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: The Spatial Cueing Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Challenges To the Traditional Interpretation Of Spatial Cueing Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Objective Of the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Spatial cueing effects do not always index attentional capture: evidence for a priority accumulation framework

Darnell

Lamy

2021

Psychological Research

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“…Moreover, only slightly larger effects were reported when the matching cues were made more salient (e.g., Lamy, 2005;Lamy, Leber & Egeth, 2004). However, recent studies revealed that bottom-up guidance also plays an important role in the spatial cueing paradigm: cue validity effects from cues not matching the search set emerge during difficult search (Gaspelin, Ruthruff & Lien, 2016;Lamy, et al, 2018) but only when these cues are abrupt onsets and not when they are static color cues (Ruthruff, Faulks, Gaspelin & Maxwell, 2020).…”

Section: Pop In the Spatial Cueing Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 97%

Top-down, bottom-up and selection-history-based control of attention: A failed trichotomy? The case of Priming of pop-out (PoP)

Ramgir¹,

Lamy²

2020

Preprint

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When we search for an object, our performance is strongly influenced by our past experience. In the lab, this influence has been demonstrated by investigating a variety of phenomena, including inter-trial priming, statistical learning and reward history, and collectively referred to as selection history. The resulting findings have led researchers to claim that selection history guides attention, thereby challenging the prevailing dichotomy, according to which attentional priority is determined solely by top-down goals and bottom-up salience. The objective of the present review is to reexamine this claim by evaluating the evidence that specifically pertains to the role of selection history in attentional guidance, rather than in later processes occurring after the target is found. We focus on one selection history phenomenon, priming of pop-out (PoP). After demarcating the conditions under which PoP effects can be dissociated from top-down effects, we review the relevant findings, while distinguishing between the main experimental rationales adopted to address this question. We conclude that despite some inconsistencies that should be resolved by further research, most of the extant empirical evidence does not support the idea that PoP affects attentional priority. We call for similar reevaluations of other selection history phenomena and caution against burying the bottom-up vs. top-down dichotomy too hastily.

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Stimulus-driven updating of long-term context memories in visual search

Conci

Zellin

2021

Psychological Research

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Visual search for a target is faster when the spatial layout of nontarget items is repeatedly encountered, illustrating that learned contextual invariances can improve attentional selection (contextual cueing). This type of contextual learning is usually relatively efficient, but relocating the target to an unexpected location (within otherwise unchanged layouts) typically abolishes contextual cueing. Here, we explored whether bottom-up attentional guidance can mediate the efficient contextual adaptation after the change. Two experiments presented an initial learning phase, followed by a subsequent relocation phase that introduced target location changes. This location change was accompanied by transient attention-guiding signals that either up-modulated the changed target location (Experiment 1), or which provided an inhibitory tag to down-modulate the initial target location (Experiment 2). The results from these two experiments showed reliable contextual cueing both before and after the target location change. By contrast, an additional control experiment (Experiment 3) that did not present any attention-guiding signals together with the changed target showed no reliable cueing in the relocation phase, thus replicating previous findings. This pattern of results suggests that attentional guidance (by transient stimulus-driven facilitatory and inhibitory signals) enhances the flexibility of long-term contextual learning.

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Attentional Dwelling and Capture by Color Singletons

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Spatial cueing effects do not always index attentional capture: evidence for a priority accumulation framework

Spatial cueing effects do not always index attentional capture: evidence for a priority accumulation framework

Top-down, bottom-up and selection-history-based control of attention: A failed trichotomy? The case of Priming of pop-out (PoP)

Stimulus-driven updating of long-term context memories in visual search

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