Attentional processes in typically developing children as revealed using brain event-related potentials and their source localization in Attention Network Test

Gopalan, Praghajieeth Raajhen Santhana; Loberg, Otto; Hämäläinen, Jarmo A.; Leppänen, Paavo H.T.

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36947-3

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(173 reference statements)

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“…Previous functional MRI and electroencephalography (EEG) studies have investigated ANT associated brain activity among both adults (Fan et al, 2005, Galvao-Carmona et al, 2014Neuhaus et al, 2010) and children (Konrad et al, 2005, Gopalan et al, 2019, and have reported that the different attentional networks recruits different brain regions. Executive control has been associated with activity in the anterior cingulate and bilateral prefrontal cortical regions (Fan et al, 2005;Konrad et al, 2005), orienting with activity in bilateral superior parietal cortical regions, and alerting with activity in thalamic, inferior parietal and prefrontal cortical regions (Fan et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of attention networks from childhood to young adulthood: A study of performance, intraindividual variability and cortical thickness

Boen

Ferschmann

Vijayakumar

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Human cognitive development is manifold, with different functions developing at different speeds at different ages. Attention is an important domain of this cognitive development, and involves distinct developmental trajectories in separate functions, including conflict processing, selection of sensory input and alertness. In children, several studies using the Attention Network Test (ANT) have investigated the development of three attentional networks that carry out the functions of executive control, orienting and alerting. There is, however, a lack of studies on the development of these attentional components across adolescence, limiting our understanding of their protracted development. To fill this knowledge gap, we performed a mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal study using mixed methods to examine the development of the attentional components and their intraindividual variability from late childhood to young adulthood (n = 287, n observations = 408, age range = 8.5–26.7 years, mean follow up interval = 4.4 years). The results indicated that executive control stabilized during late adolescence, while orienting and alerting continued to develop into young adulthood. In addition, a continuous development into young adulthood was observed for the intraindividual variability measures of orienting and alerting. In a subsample with available magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data (n =169, n observations = 281), higher alerting scores were associated with thicker cortices within a right prefrontal cortical region and greater age-related cortical thinning in left rolandic operculum, while higher orienting scores were associated with greater age-related cortical thinning in frontal and parietal regions. Finally, increased consistency of orienting performance was associated with thinner cortex in prefrontal regions and reduced age-related thinning in frontal regions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of attention networks from childhood to young adulthood: A study of performance, intraindividual variability and cortical thickness

Boen

Ferschmann

Vijayakumar

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The orienting network in fMRI studies with adults has shown neuronal activity in the TPJ, bilateral superior parietal lobe, FEFs, pulvinar, and superior colliculus (Fan et al, 2005;Konrad et al, 2005;Xuan et al, 2016). Previous ANT studies with children found orienting network responses in the superior frontal gyrus and bilaterally in the occipital cortex (Konrad et al, 2005;Santhana Gopalan et al, 2019). A previous fMRI study also showed that children with ADHD have atypical activation in the frontostriatal region compared to control children (Bellman, 2002, 104).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is a lack of neuronal-level brain information related to ANT in children with AP and children with RD in the same study. In this study, we examined reaction time (RT) performance, scalp topography of event-related potentials (ERPs), and their neuronal sources associated with attention network sub-processes using an Attention Network Test (ANT) (Santhana Gopalan et al, 2019) in AP and RD children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The functioning of the attentional processes at the brain level has been widely investigated using the ANT paradigm coupled with ERPs in children (Kratz et al, 2011;Santhana Gopalan et al, 2019) and adults (Neuhaus et al, 2010;Kratz et al, 2011;Rueda et al, 2012;Kaufman et al, 2016). Generally, alerting (non-cued vs. visually cued target stimuli) and orienting visual cues (center-cued vs. spatially cued target stimuli) enhance the modulation of the posterior visual N1 amplitude at 100-280 ms for the target stimulus (Hillyard and Anllo-Vento, 1998;Neuhaus et al, 2010;Luck, 2014;Kaufman et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Attentional Processes in Children With Attentional Problems or Reading Difficulties as Revealed Using Brain Event-Related Potentials and Their Source Localization

Gopalan

Loberg

Lohvansuu

et al. 2020

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Visual attention-related processes include three functional sub-processes: alerting, orienting, and inhibition. We examined these sub-processes using reaction times, eventrelated potentials (ERPs), and their neuronal source activations during the Attention Network Test (ANT) in control children, attentional problems (AP) children, and reading difficulties (RD) children. During the ANT, electroencephalography was measured using 128 electrodes on three groups of Finnish sixth-graders aged 12-13 years (control = 77; AP = 15; RD = 23). Participants were asked to detect the direction of a middle target fish within a group of five fish. The target stimulus was either preceded by a cue (center, double, or spatial), or without a cue, to manipulate the alerting and orienting sub-processes of attention. The direction of the target fish was either congruent or incongruent in relation to the flanker fish, thereby manipulating the inhibition subprocesses of attention. Reaction time performance showed no differences between groups in alerting, orienting, and inhibition effects. The group differences in ERPs were only found at the source level. Neuronal source analysis in the AP children revealed a larger alerting effect (double-cued vs. non-cued target stimuli) than control and RD children in the left occipital lobe. Control children showed a smaller orienting effect (spatially cued vs. center-cued target stimuli) in the left occipital lobe than AP and RD children. No group differences were found for the neuronal sources related to the inhibition effect. The neuronal activity differences related to sub-processes of attention in the AP and RD groups suggest different underlying mechanisms for attentional and reading problems.

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“… 10 , 11 In contrast, typically developing children demonstrate developmental differences during inhibitory processing with activation of more central and posterior regions (premotor cortex, superior temporal gyrus, bilateral parietal and occipital cortices) relative to inferior and medial frontal gyri and ACC, potentially suggesting the inhibitory network is slower to develop in frontal areas. 12 , 13 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory control in children with tic disorder: aberrant fronto-parietal network activity and connectivity

Jurgiel

Miyakoshi

Dillon

et al. 2021

Brain Communications

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Chronic tic disorders, including Tourette syndrome, are typically thought to have deficits in cognitive inhibition and top down cognitive control due to the frequent and repetitive occurrence of tics, yet studies reporting task performance results have been equivocal. Despite similar behavioral performance, individuals with chronic tic disorder have exhibited aberrant patterns of neural activation in multiple frontal and parietal regions relative to healthy controls during inhibitory control paradigms. In addition to these top down attentional control regions, widespread alterations in brain activity across multiple neural networks have been reported. There is a dearth, however, of studies examining event-related connectivity during cognitive inhibitory paradigms among affected individuals. The goal of this study was to characterize neural oscillatory activity and effective connectivity, using a case-control design, among children with and without chronic tic disorder during performance of a cognitive inhibition task. Electroencephalogram data was recorded in a cohort of children aged 8–12 years old (60 with chronic tic disorder, 35 typically developing controls) while they performed a flanker task. While task accuracy did not differ by diagnosis, children with chronic tic disorder displayed significant cortical source-level, event-related spectral power differences during incongruent flanker trials, which required inhibitory control. Specifically, attenuated broad band oscillatory power modulation within the anterior cingulate cortex was observed relative to controls. Whole brain effective connectivity analyses indicated that children with chronic tic disorder exhibit greater information flow between the anterior cingulate and other fronto-parietal network hubs (midcingulate cortex and precuneus) relative to controls, who instead showed stronger connectivity between central and posterior nodes. Spectral power within the anterior cingulate was not significantly correlated with any connectivity edges, suggesting lower power and higher connectivity are independent (versus resultant) neural mechanisms. Significant correlations between clinical features, task performance and anterior cingulate spectral power and connectivity suggest this region is associated with tic impairment (r=-0.31, p = 0.03) and flanker task incongruent trial accuracy (r’s=-0.27 to -0.42, p’s = 0.0008 to 0.04). Attenuated activation of the anterior cingulate along with dysregulated information flow between and among nodes within the fronto-parietal attention network may be neural adaptations that result from frequent engagement of neural pathways needed for inhibitory control in chronic tic disorder.

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Attentional processes in typically developing children as revealed using brain event-related potentials and their source localization in Attention Network Test

Cited by 12 publications

References 67 publications

Development of attention networks from childhood to young adulthood: A study of performance, intraindividual variability and cortical thickness

Development of attention networks from childhood to young adulthood: A study of performance, intraindividual variability and cortical thickness

Attentional Processes in Children With Attentional Problems or Reading Difficulties as Revealed Using Brain Event-Related Potentials and Their Source Localization

Inhibitory control in children with tic disorder: aberrant fronto-parietal network activity and connectivity

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