Attenuating effect of α-pinene on neurobehavioural deficit, oxidative damage and inflammatory response following focal ischaemic stroke in rat

Abstract

Objectives Oxidative stress and inflammation have a critical role in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke. Alpha‐pinene is a monoterpenoid molecule with anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The nobility of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of α‐pinene in ischaemic stroke. Methods Ischaemic stroke was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 h reperfusion in male Wistar rats. Alpha‐pinene (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered in the beginning of reperfusion. Then, the neurobehavioural function, infarct volume, brain oedema, antioxidant enzyme activity and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were evaluated by different methods in the brain. Key findings Alpha‐pinene (50 and 100 mg/kg) elicited a significant decrease in the brain oedema and infarct size as well as an improvement in the neurobehavioural function. Besides, α‐pinene (100 mg/kg) restored the function of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and reduced the concentration of MDA, NO and IL‐6 in the hippocampus, cortex and striatum. Conclusions It was ultimately attainted that α‐pinene exerts neuroprotective effect in ischaemic stroke in rat through the restoration of antioxidant enzymes activity, attenuation of lipid peroxidation and reduction of inflammation in the ischaemic brains.

Forest Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Effects on Human Health: A State-of-the-Art Review

“…Superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, NO, IL-6 [155] C57BL/6 mice CD4, CD8 and NK cells [102] Wistar rats COX2 [156]…”

“…Sprague-Dawley rats Sleep rhythm [157] Mice BDNF, TH, EPM test [158] ICR and C57BL/6N mice GABA BZD receptor, sleep behavior [159] Wistar-Kyoto mice Forced swim test, oxidative phosphorylation expression [160] Wistar rats Sensorimotor severity score [155] C57BL/6 mice Schizophrenia-like behavior [161] Analgesic BALB/c mice Tail-flick test [162] Mice Neuropathic pain [163] Wistar rats Nociception [156] Abbreviations: BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BZD, benzodiazepine; EPM, elevated plus maze; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; Ig-E, immunoglobulin E; JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase; MMP-1, metalloproteinase 1; MMP-13, metalloproteinase 13; NF-kB, nuclear factor-B; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase.…”

Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant

“…Using a different approach, Nandal and co-authors exposed cancerous cell lines to treatment with phytocannabinoids combined with low concentrations of co-related terpenoids. They observed increased cell mortality at ratios similar to the ones obtained with the natural plant extracts [82]. According to the authors, their results differed from Santiago et al findings because they evaluated terpenoids without statistical correlation to THC, meaning that terpenoids concentrations in their preparations where higher than the natural-occurred in the plants [80,82].…”

“…They observed increased cell mortality at ratios similar to the ones obtained with the natural plant extracts [82]. According to the authors, their results differed from Santiago et al findings because they evaluated terpenoids without statistical correlation to THC, meaning that terpenoids concentrations in their preparations where higher than the natural-occurred in the plants [80,82]. Thus, the possible "entourage effect" and the positive contribution derived from the addition of terpenoids to cannabinoids could be interpreted as uncertain.…”

“…In this context, Yang and colleagues demonstrated that α-pinene interacts with GABA A /benzodiazepine receptors prolonging its synaptic transmission, significantly increasing the duration of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS), and reducing sleep latency [151]. The beneficial effects of α-pinene are also extended to convulsions [80,81], ischemic stroke [82], and schizophrenia [156]. Besides, α-pinene also showed neuroprotective effects that might be related to its antioxidant properties, which include being able to decrease malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels while increasing catalase and peroxidase activity.…”