“…Wang et al established the concept of IoT-enabled accountability in MSW source separation based on the perspective of accounting theory and demonstrated its validity through several case studies (Wang et al, 2021a ). However, it was noted that factors, such as fines, charges, time, procedures, and rules, under the compulsory policy breed negative attitudes toward source separation (Wu et al, 2021 ). In addition, external factors such as the types of recycled materials, classification policies (Hou et al, 2020 ), recycling plans (Stoeva & Alriksson, 2017 ), market facilitators, and government factors (Xu et al, 2017 ), economic incentives, or penalties (Varotto & Spagnolli, 2017 ) also affected residents' recycling behavior.…”