“…Many studies (e.g. Xie, 2014;Yasima et al, 2017) have proved the importance of attitudes (Huang, 2018;Christiansen, 2019;Liu et al, 2021;Patria, 2021), learning orientation (Gardner & Lambert, 1972, 1985, 2001, and motivation (Kowalczyk & Biedroń, 2017;Farshbafian et al, 2018;Tanjitanont et al, 2020;Lee et al, 2021) in language learning across various contexts in different countries. The above research has primarily focused on EFL/ESL learners.…”