Attitudes toward Blackness of Black Preschool Children Attending Community-Controlled or Public Schools

Racial Group Concept and Self-Esteem in Black Children

“…McAdoo (1973McAdoo ( , 1978 reported Black children holding negative own-race attitudes and positive self-concepts, and concluded that Black children learn to compartmentalize their racial attitudes and prevent them from influencing self-evaluation. The present results raise serious questions concerning the construct validity of instruments employed by previous researchers who utilized racial preference or racial attitude measures to make implications about self-concept or self-esteem (Bunton & Weissbach, 1974;Rice, Ruiz, & Padilla, 1974). Other researchers have also questioned the past methodologies of racial preference research.…”

“…Several studies have investigated the relationship of racial preferences and racial attitudes on self-esteem. Many of the earlier studies were subject to measuring only racial preferences and racial attitudes and to interpreting White preferences and inaccurate skin-color perceptions by Blacks to imply impaired self-concepts and low self-esteem (Bunton & Weissbach, 1974;Goodman, 1970;Landreth & Johnson, 1953;Rice, Ruiz, & Padilla, 1974). This methodological error has been noted (McAdoo, 1973;Rosenberg & Simmons, 1972).…”

Ethnic Identifacation and Preference of British Primary School Children

“…Subsequently, produced a significant shift in re-test response of both Scottish and Pakistani children after the introduction of a female Indian tester. Against this must be set the findings of the many investigators who have controlled for this type of experimenter effect and failed to establish the tester's race as a significant variable, e,g, Morland (1962Morland ( , 1963Morland ( , 1966, Hraba and Grant (1970), Banks and Romf (1973), Bunton and Weissbach (1974), Moore (1976), and Teplin (1977), Some investigators have used own-race testers for each group of subjects but, as Milner (1973) observes, this is really no solution at all since it is equally plausible that own race testers may unwittingly induce a bias towards a more favourable in-group response. Moreover, at least one group of experimenters (Epstein et al, 1976) has found that significantly more black children expressed a preference for their own group when interviewed by a white person, than those interviewed by a black person.…”

“…Cregor and McPherson (1966) in South Africa, reported that Bantu children identified with, and preferred, white dolls despite the fact that numerically, white are the minority in that country. Tajfel et al (1972) working with children in Scodand and Israel, have shown that subde influences can lead children to devalue their group even in situations where there are no clear visible differences, This interpretation is supported by the fact that American studies reported in the seventies indicate that the increased representation and involvement of black adults in politics, the mass media and education has been accompanied by a greater probability that black children will prefer and identify with their own ethnic group than those of earlier generations (Hraba and Grant, 1970;Ward and Braun, 1972;Fox and Jordan, 1973;Bunton and Weissbach, 1974;Epstein et al, 1976;Moore, 1976),…”

Chicano Group Catalysts

“…American society has perpetuated the belief that "white is right" at the expense of people with different skin colorsbrown, black, red, and yellow (Bunton & Weissback 1974;Cota-Robles de Suarez 1971). In light of this fact, skin color is both a significant and a complex issue for Chicanos.…”