Attitudes toward old people: The development of a scale and an examination of correlates.

Kogan, Nathan

doi:10.1037/h0048053

Cited by 655 publications

(501 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The expansion of comparative research on this topic contributes to broadening the knowledge base in the field, and points to important future areas for intervention and training. Although there are ample quantitative empirical studies on ageism in the healthcare system, most of them are limited, in that they use scales such as Kogan's People Scale (KOP;Kogan 1961), which explore general attitudes about aging and older people without considering the healthcare background. Hence there is relatively little knowledge about expressions and manifestations of ageism in this unique professional environment.…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ageism among physicians, nurses, and social workers: findings from a qualitative study

et al. 2016

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This study investigated ageism among healthcare professionals in various therapeutic settings in Israel. Using a qualitative approach, the current study aimed to examine similarities and differences across healthcare disciplines. Three focus groups were conducted with physicians, nurses, and social workers. Data from each focus group were analyzed separately, and then commonalities and differences across the groups were evaluated. Three main themes relating to older adults emerged from the data. The first theme pertains to perceived difficulties that healthcare professionals experience in working with older adults and their family members; the second focuses on invisibility and discriminatory communication patterns; and the third theme relates to provision of inappropriate care to older adults. Similarities and differences across the three disciplines were found. The differences related mainly to the examples provided for manifestations of ageism in the healthcare system. Provision of inadequate treatment to older adults due to their age appeared to be the most complex theme, and is discussed at length in the Discussion. Briefly, the complexity stems from the fact that although some behaviors can be clearly described as inappropriate and undesirable, other behaviors such as avoidance of invasive medical procedures for older patients raise ethical dilemmas. Potentially, avoidance of invasive medical treatment can be perceived as compassionate care rather than as undertreatment due to ageist perceptions. A related dilemma, i.e., longevity versus quality-of-life, is also discussed in light of the finding that the balance of these two aspects changes as patients grow old.

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Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ageism among physicians, nurses, and social workers: findings from a qualitative study

et al. 2016

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“…Instead, the KAOP was developed to assess the attitudes towards older people regardless of gender and age. It was developed in 1961 by Nathan Kogan based on a 'quasi-minority' view of an older people paradigm, that considered the similarities and dissimilarities that older people shared with racial, ethnic, and religious groups with minority status (Kogan 1961a). Kogan constructed a set of 17 items with the statements worded negatively (KAOPÀ) and a second set of 17 items with the statements reversed (KAOP+), resulting in a total 34 item scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nursing student attitudes towards older people: validity and reliability of the Italian version of the Kogan Attitudes towards Older People scale

Lommi

Pedone

Alvaro

et al. 2012

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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Aim. This paper reports a study testing the validity and reliability of the Italian version of the Kogan Attitude towards Older People scale. Background. Nursing students’ attitudes towards older people can affect their preference for working with them. One of the most common instruments used to assess these attitudes is the Kogan Attitude towards Older People scale. Previous validation studies performed on college students internationally have demonstrated good reliability and validity. The psychometric properties of the Italian version have not yet been tested. Design. A cross‐sectional, descriptive study. Method. The study was conducted from March–June 2010 with a convenience sample of nursing students attending two Italian universities. Reliability was evaluated using internal consistency and item‐to‐total correlation. Content and construct validity were evaluated using a content validity index and principal factor analysis. Results. A total of 1637 nursing students participated in the study. Two factors were extracted from the factor analysis: prejudice describing a negative disposition and appreciation indicating a favourable feeling and opinion towards older people. Conclusion. The Kogan Attitude towards Older People scale applied to Italian nursing students exhibited good internal consistency. The two‐dimensional construct of the scale was congruent with some, but not all, results of previous studies due to methodological differences among the studies. Based on the study findings, the scale can be recommended for future research studies in Italy including use as pre/post‐test measurement associated with nursing education programmes.

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“…6 The KOP data were divided into positively framed KOP statements ( pos KOP) and negatively framed KOP statements ( neg KOP); each pos KOP and neg KOP scores could vary from 17 to 85.…”

Section: Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Although the two types of statements were originally ordered in pairs, we reordered the statements in a random manner in order to prevent response bias. 6 The level of agreement or disagreement with each statement by the respondents was assessed using a five-point Likert scale that includes the following response options: 'strongly disagree', 'slightly disagree', 'agree', 'slightly agree' or 'strongly agree'. The questionnaire incorporated different stereotypes with reference to: residential pattern, cognitive style, personal appearance, personality and discomfort with older people in a random order.…”

Section: Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reliability and validity of the KOP questionnaire were formerly shown and appropriate for use. [6][7][8] Responses to the pos KOP Scale were coded as 5 for strongly agreement, 4 for slightly agreement, 3 for neutral, 2 for slightly disagreement and 1 for strongly disagreement with each statement. The coding order was reversed when calculating the neg KOP scores.…”

Section: Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Attitudes towards the older patients with spinal cord injury among registered nurses: a cross-sectional observational study

et al. 2009

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Study design: Cross-sectional observational study. Setting: Acute-care unit and tertiary rehabilitation centre in Ontario, Canada. Objective: To evaluate attitudes towards older patients among nurses caring for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), and examine potential determinants of ageist attitudes. Methods: Using Kogan's Old People Scale, this questionnaire-based survey assesses attitudes towards older patients among registered nurses working in an acute-care unit, registered nurses working in a rehabilitation centre and individuals with chronic SCI. Results: Although individuals with SCI and nurses working in the rehabilitation setting were statistically comparable regarding their attitudes towards older patients, nurses working in the acutecare unit hold more ageist attitudes than their rehabilitation-nursing counterparts (P ¼ 0.003). Among nurses, a higher level of education and working in the rehabilitation setting were associated with fewer ageist attitudes (Po0.03). There was a trend for an association between older age and more positive attitudes towards older patients (P ¼ 0.069). Conclusions: Our questionnaire-based survey, which appears to represent the population of interest, identified significant differences in the attitudes towards older patients between nurses working in the acute-care setting versus rehabilitation setting who showed similar attitudes towards individuals with SCI. The most reliable factor associated with the nurses' attitudes was their level of education. Given that the practice of ageism has the potential to prejudice service provision and ultimately recovery of patients with SCI, further research and knowledge dissemination activities for nurses caring for elderly patients with SCI should be sought.

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Attitudes toward old people: The development of a scale and an examination of correlates.

Cited by 655 publications

References 24 publications

Ageism among physicians, nurses, and social workers: findings from a qualitative study

Ageism among physicians, nurses, and social workers: findings from a qualitative study

Nursing student attitudes towards older people: validity and reliability of the Italian version of the Kogan Attitudes towards Older People scale

Attitudes towards the older patients with spinal cord injury among registered nurses: a cross-sectional observational study

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