Attosecond streaking measurements

Yakovlev, Vladislav S.; Bammer, F.; Scrinzi, Armin

doi:10.1080/09500340412331283642

Cited by 59 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In these spectra XUV PE emission from a particular state of the target atom or surface is mapped to a "streaking trace", i.e., an oscillatory change of the recorded PE kinetic energy as a function of τ with the period of the NIR laser pulse. Thus streaked PE spectra yield both temporal and spectral information on emitted PE wave packets [6][7][8]. By comparing the temporal (i.e., phase) shift of the streaking traces for photoemission from two initial states with different binding energies, an apparent relative photoemission delay τ can be determined by analyzing a single streaked PE spectrum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial-state, mean-free-path, and skin-depth dependence of attosecond time-resolved IR-streaked XUV photoemission from single-crystalline magnesium

Liao

Thumm

2014

Phys. Rev. A

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We analyze the dependence of attosecond streaked photoelectron spectra and photoemission time delays from valence band (VB) and 2p core-level (CL) states of a single-crystalline Mg(0001) thin film on the (i) modeling of the substrate electronic structure, (ii) electron mean free path (MFP), (iii) screening of the near-infrared (NIR) streaking laser field, and (iv) chirp of the attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse. Our quantum-mechanical numerical simulations predict streaked photoemission spectra that depend sensitively on the XUV chirp and weakly on the screening of the streaking laser field by the substrate. They furthermore show that streaking time delays for VB emission are relatively insensitive to the modeling of the initial quantum states, electron MFP, and NIR skin depth of the Mg substrate, in contrast to the stronger dependence of streaking time delays for 2p CL emission on these factors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial-state, mean-free-path, and skin-depth dependence of attosecond time-resolved IR-streaked XUV photoemission from single-crystalline magnesium

Liao

Thumm

2014

Phys. Rev. A

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“…While recent work on attosecond time-resolved photoemission focussed on relative time delays, obtained by spectrally averaging over PE streaking traces, streaked PE spectra also contain information on PE propagation and dispersion that is lost in the spectral average. This includes the influence of duration and chirp of the XUV pulse [9,10], skin depth of the streaking field, and substrate band structure on the PE wave packet.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Apparent relative photoemission delays are of the order of tens of attoseconds (1 as ¼ 10 −18 s) [2,4] or less [5] and yield information on the (i) primary XUV photoabsorption process, (ii) influence of the NIR-laser field, (iii) residual charge of the target [6], (iv) electronic correlation [7], and (v) collective (plasmonic) excitation processes on the PE propagation [8]. The temporal and spectral structure of both, electron wave packets and attosecond XUV pulses can be characterized based on streaked PE spectra [9,10]. NIR-laser-streaked XUV photoemission thus holds promise to enable the scrutiny of electronic dynamics in atoms and solids with unprecedented time resolution at the natural time scale of the electronic motion in matter [11,12].…”

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confidence: 99%

Attosecond Time-Resolved Photoelectron Dispersion and Photoemission Time Delays

Liao

Thumm

2014

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We compute spectrograms and relative time delays for laser-assisted photoemission by single attosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses from valence band (VB) and 2p core levels (CLs) of a Mg(0001) surface within a quantum-mechanical model. Comparing the time-dependent dispersion of photoelectron (PE) wave packets for VB and CL emission, we find striking differences in their dependence on the (i) electron mean free path (MFP) in the solid, (ii) screening of the streaking laser field, and (iii) chirp of the attosecond pulse. The relative photoemission delay between VB and 2p PEs is shown to be sensitive to the electron MFP and screening of the streaking laser field inside the solid. Our model is able to reproduce a recent attosecond-streaking experiment [S. Neppl et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 087401 (2012)], which reveals no relative streaking time delay between VB and 2p PEs. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.023602 PACS numbers: 42.50.Hz, 42.65.Re, 79.60.-i During the past decade, the combination of either an isolated attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse [1,2] or a train of attosecond XUV pulses [3] with a synchronized delayed femtosecond (fs) near-infrared (NIR) laser pulse has allowed the measurement of apparent photoemission time delays in the laser-assisted XUV photoionization of atoms in the gas phase [2,3] and on solid surfaces [4,5]. Apparent relative photoemission delays are of the order of tens of attoseconds (1 as ¼ 10 −18 s) [2,4] or less [5] and yield information on the (i) primary XUV photoabsorption process, (ii) influence of the NIR-laser field, (iii) residual charge of the target [6], (iv) electronic correlation [7], and (v) collective (plasmonic) excitation processes on the PE propagation [8]. The temporal and spectral structure of both, electron wave packets and attosecond XUV pulses can be characterized based on streaked PE spectra [9,10]. NIR-laser-streaked XUV photoemission thus holds promise to enable the scrutiny of electronic dynamics in atoms and solids with unprecedented time resolution at the natural time scale of the electronic motion in matter [11,12].Compared to gaseous atomic targets, the modeling of photoemission from solids is more challenging due to a complex electronic band structure [4,13,14], elastic and inelastic collisions inside the substrate [15][16][17], the screening of the NIR streaking field inside solids [16,17], and surface and bulk plasmon excitations [8,18]. In a first, proof-of-principles experiment on solids, a relative photoemission delay of Δτ VB−4f ¼ 110 AE 70 as between PEs emitted from the valence band (VB) and 4f core levels (CLs) of a W(110) surface was deduced from streaked PE spectra [4], initiating comprehensive theoretical studies [13][14][15][16][17]19,20]. Employing classical transport theory, the 4f PEs were traced to be slower, originate in deeper layers than VB PEs, and thus need more time to escape through the surface [4,15]. Based on quantum-mechanical calculations, the measured relative time delay Δτ VB−4f was interpreted as a result of the di...

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“…Laser-assisted photo-ionization asymmetry has been used to determine the pulse duration of an attosecond XUV pulse [23,24]; however, most measurements have been based on the "streak camera" principle [25][26][27][28][29][30]. The quantum theory of streaking measurement was recently constructed for complete pulse reconstruction that excluded any guesswork, but in principle, a sufficiently large set of measurements and a great amount of calculation have been necessary [31][32][33].…”

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confidence: 99%

Use of photoelectron energy spectrum transfer equation for the measurement of a narrowband XUV pulse

Yu-Cheng

2012

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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To study the time evolution of a molecular state in an ultra-fast chemical reaction, the use of shorter pulses with higher photon energy and narrower bandwidth for both pump and probe is necessary. However, quick and precise measurement of their detailed time structures is a challenge. Over the last decade, great efforts have been made to measure an attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse. To date, several methods have been developed to measure the pulse duration and completely reconstruct it. The attosecond spectral phase interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction (SPIDER) and attosecond frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) techniques are often used. However, these methods use state-of-the-art experimental set-ups and complicated data analysis procedures. To develop attosecond metrology for practical use (e.g. timing, measurement, evaluation, calibration, optimization, pumping, probing), we propose a quick and analytical method to precisely observe an attosecond XUV pulse with laser-assisted photo-ionization. The method is based on determining the laser-related phase of each streaked electron and using a transfer equation for one-step pulse reconstruction without any time-resolved measurements, iterative calculations, or data fitting procedures. Temporal errors of the pulse reconstruction are calculated from the XUV bandwidth. Because the transfer equation establishes a direct connection between the XUV pulse properties, the crucial laser parameters (peak intensity, phase, carrier envelope phase), the atomic ionization potential, and the measured photoelectron energy spectrum, we can use it to study any one of these properties from other known information and probe the dynamic processes of an ultra-fast reaction.attosecond measurement, photoelectron energy spectrum, laser phase determination method, transfer equation Citation: Ge Y C, He H P. Use of photoelectron energy spectrum transfer equation for the measurement of a narrowband XUV pulse. Chin Sci Bull, 2012Bull, , 57: 843-848, doi: 10.1007 Over the last decade, production and measurement of the duration of an attosecond (1 as=10 −18 s) extreme ultra-violet (XUV) pulse has attracted increasing interest [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Highorder harmonic generation (HHG) has been a successful way to produce attosecond XUV pulses [7][8][9]. To characterize the time evolution of a molecular state in an ultra-fast chemical reaction, shorter pulses with higher photon energies and narrower bandwidths have been generated and used, but quickly and precisely measuring their detailed time structures for use remains a challenge. This can currently be attributed to the difficulty of attosecond measurements and the associated errors. Recently, different techniques such as phase-matching and spatial filtering have been used to analyze, produce and *Corresponding author (email: gyc@pku.edu.cn) select an isolated attosecond pulse [10][11][12]. The latest measurement of an attosecond XUV pulse duration is 80 as [13]. However, researchers continue to improve the ...

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Attosecond streaking measurements

Cited by 59 publications

References 18 publications

Initial-state, mean-free-path, and skin-depth dependence of attosecond time-resolved IR-streaked XUV photoemission from single-crystalline magnesium

Initial-state, mean-free-path, and skin-depth dependence of attosecond time-resolved IR-streaked XUV photoemission from single-crystalline magnesium

Attosecond Time-Resolved Photoelectron Dispersion and Photoemission Time Delays

Use of photoelectron energy spectrum transfer equation for the measurement of a narrowband XUV pulse

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