Attraction increases and decreases as a function of emotion-attribution and appropriate social cues

Arousal and attraction: Evidence for automatic and controlled processes.

“…First, tests of the other moderators did not support negative-reinforcement theory. Second, research conducted by Dienstbier (1979, Experiment 3) demonstrated that women aroused by fear experienced greater attraction to a male target than did women who were not aroused. Finally, research examining fear and affiliation (Schachter, 1959; Wrightsman, 1960) did not predict, or report, any effects based on the sex of targets.…”

“…In particular, arousal affects attraction even when low-arousal-source-ambiguity should make individuals aware of the true source of their arousal. For example, Dienstbier (1979) demonstrated that the induction of arousal affected attraction immediately, even when arousal was induced by "the suddenness of the 35-degree tilt [in a dental chair] and the accompanying noise of a 4-pound brass plate dropping onto a steel plate on the floor" (p. 207). Response-facilitation theory provides one explanation for the effect of arousal on attraction by describing how arousal facilitates particular dominant responses without any causal analysis.…”

“…Arousal type refers to how arousal was manipulated experimentally. Typically, fear has been used to create arousal in participants (Allen et al, 1989; Dienstbier, 1979; Dutton & Aron, 1974; Kenrick, Cialdini, & Linder, 1979; Riordan, 1984; Riordan & Tedeschi, 1983). However, other arousal manipulations include having participants exercise (Allen et al, 1989; White, Fishbein, & Rutstein, 1981; White & Kight, 1984) or exposing participants to sexual material (Carducci, Cozby, & Ward, 1978; Griffitt, May, & Veitch, 1974; Istvan, Griffitt, & Weidner, 1983; Stephan, Berscheid, & Walster, 1971).…”

The relationship of temperament to tolerance of cold and heat: Beyond ?cold hands ? Warm heart?

“…Researches investigating arousal-induction techniques, ranging from artificial to natural, have shown effects upon both emotional experiences and related behavioral responses. Various emotional states have been increased by adrenaline injection (Schachter & Singer, 1962;Marshall & Zimbardo, 1979), startle (Dienstbier, 1979a), exercise (Cantor, Zillmann, & Bryant, 1975), and the induction of other emotional states (e.g., Dutton & Aron, 1974). On the other hand, attenuation of emotion and related behavioral effects has been shown with the tranquilizers chlorpromazine (Schachter & Wheeler, 1962) and phenobarbital (Cooper, Zanna, & Taves, 1978), and by the imposition of delays between events that stimulate arousal and the measurement of the resulting emotion or behavior (e.g., Dutton & Aron, 1974;Dienstbier, 1979a).…”

“…Various emotional states have been increased by adrenaline injection (Schachter & Singer, 1962;Marshall & Zimbardo, 1979), startle (Dienstbier, 1979a), exercise (Cantor, Zillmann, & Bryant, 1975), and the induction of other emotional states (e.g., Dutton & Aron, 1974). On the other hand, attenuation of emotion and related behavioral effects has been shown with the tranquilizers chlorpromazine (Schachter & Wheeler, 1962) and phenobarbital (Cooper, Zanna, & Taves, 1978), and by the imposition of delays between events that stimulate arousal and the measurement of the resulting emotion or behavior (e.g., Dutton & Aron, 1974;Dienstbier, 1979a). Collectively, these procedures have suggested that adrenergic or SNS arousal enhances most emotional states, but, since all of the drugs used cross the blood-brain barrier, and since the psychological inductions eventually have both central and peripheral effects, it has been difficult to know what has had an effect on emotional experience.…”