Attributable risk of psychiatric and socio-economic factors for suicide from individual-level, population-based studies: A systematic review

Li, Zhuoyang; Page, Andrew; Martin, Graham; Taylor, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.008

Cited by 284 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…However, more formal tests of sex differences (i.e., test of the sex*reform interaction) only supported real sex differences in mortality from external causes in general, and suicide in particular. Strong associations between male suicide and socioeconomic factors in general, and education in particular, has also been reported in a recent systematic review and meta-analysis (17).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Causal effect of education on mortality in a quasi-experiment on 1.2 million Swedes

Lager

Torssander

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

127

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In 1949-1962, Sweden implemented a 1-y increase in compulsory schooling as a quasi-experiment. Each year, children in a number of municipalities were exposed to the reform and others were kept as controls, allowing us to test the hypothesis that education is causally related to mortality. We studied all children born between 1943 and 1955, in 900 Swedish municipalities, with control for birth-cohort and area differences. Primary outcome measures are all-cause and cause-specific mortality until the end of 2007. The analyses include 1,247,867 individuals, of whom 92,351 died. We found lower all-cause mortality risk in the experimental group after age 40 [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-0.99] but not before (HR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.98-1.07) or during the whole follow-up (HR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.95-1.01). After age 40, the experimental group had lower mortality from overall cancer, lung cancer, and accidents. In addition, exposed women had lower mortality from ischemic heart disease, and exposed men lower mortality from overall external causes. In analyses stratified for final educational level, we found lower mortality in the experimental group within the strata that settled for compulsory schooling only (HR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.89-0.99) and compulsory schooling plus vocational training (HR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.88-0.97).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Causal effect of education on mortality in a quasi-experiment on 1.2 million Swedes

Lager

Torssander

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

127

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“…Nevertheless it is imperative to have in mind the attributable risk of psychiatric factors for suicide 41 . It seems that individuals vulnerable to develop a mood disorder and being out of the labour force are exposed to a greater risk to commit suicide 42 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide, unemployment and other socioeconomic factors: evidence from the economic crisis in Greece

et al. 2014

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GREECEABSTRACT -Background and Objectives: Economic adverse conditions are acknowledged as having a major impact on the exacerbation of mental disorders and suicides. The severity of current European crisis and the local unrelenting spending is affecting largely the economy of Greece.Methods: The aim of this study was to explore changes in suicides and their possible association with macroeconomic and behavioural factors. Data for the period 1990-2011 were drawn mainly from the Hellenic Statistical Authority and Eurostat. Suicide mortality rates were correlated with economic and behavioural factors.Results: Suicide mortality rates were increased by 55.8% between 2007 and 2011 while the total mortality was increased by 1.1% only. Significantly increasing trends in public debt, unemployment rates, consumption of daily units of antidepressants as well as divorces per 1000, homicides per 100,000 and persons with HIV per 100,000 were also observed. Suicides have been found to bear strong correlation with unemployment (r. 0.64). Significant associations were also found between suicide mortality and the percentage of public debt as percentage of GDP, the incidence of infections from HIV and homicides.Conclusions: People suffering from income and job losses, living in a demoralized social state caused by severe austerity measures and restrictive health policies, are exposed to risks for developing depression or commit suicide.

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“…However, a substantial body of epidemiological, cohort, case-control, and psychological autopsy studies has shown associations between the risk factors described in this guideline and long-term relative risk of suicide or suicide attempts in populations (Arsenault-Lapierre et al 2004; Assessment and Management of Risk for Suicide Working Group 2013; Baxter and Appleby 1999;Bertolote et al 2004;Borges et al 2010;Brown et al 2000;Carroll et al 2014;Cavanagh et al 2003;Conner et al 2001;Geulayov et al 2012;Haney et al 2012;Harris and Barraclough 1997;Hawton et al 2013;Ilgen et al 2013;Large et al 2011c;Li et al 2011;Liu and Miller 2014;Miller et al 2013;Nock et al 2008). Nevertheless, there is no evidence that assessment of any of these factors can predict suicide in an individual (Assessment and Management of Risk for Suicide Working Group 2013; Brown et al 2000;Coryell and Young 2005;Goldstein et al 1991;Haney et al 2012;King et al 2001;Large et al 2011aLarge et al , 2011bPokorny 1993).…”

Section: Rationalementioning

confidence: 97%

“…Suicide and suicide attempts occur at an increased rate in individuals with psychiatric disorders (Assessment and Management of Risk for Suicide Working Group 2013; Baxter and Appleby 1999;Borges et al 2010;Haney et al 2012;Harris and Barraclough 1997;Hawton and van Heeringen 2009;Li et al 2011;Nock et al 2008), and more than 90% of persons who die by suicide satisfy the diagnostic criteria for one or more mental disorders (Arsenault-Lapierre et al 2004;Bertolote et al 2004;Cavanagh et al 2003;Conner et al 2001). Suicide is rare, even within populations with a specific, high-risk mental disorder, such as major depressive disorder.…”

Section: Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Psychiatric Evaluation of Adults

Association¹

2015

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Attributable risk of psychiatric and socio-economic factors for suicide from individual-level, population-based studies: A systematic review

Cited by 284 publications

References 41 publications

Causal effect of education on mortality in a quasi-experiment on 1.2 million Swedes

Causal effect of education on mortality in a quasi-experiment on 1.2 million Swedes

Suicide, unemployment and other socioeconomic factors: evidence from the economic crisis in Greece

The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the Psychiatric Evaluation of Adults

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