Attributes of Nanomaterials and Nanotopographies for Improved Bone Tissue Engineering and Regeneration

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a multidisciplinary area that can solve the limitation of conventional grafting methods by developing viable and biocompatible bone replacements. The three essential components of BTE, i.e., Scaffold material and Cells and Growth factors altogether, facilitate support and guide for bone formation, differentiation of the bone tissues, and enhancement in the cellular activities and bone regeneration. However, there is a scarcity of the appropriate materials that can match the mechanical property as well as functional similarity to native tissue, considering the bone as hard tissue. In such scenarios, nanotechnology can be leveraged upon to achieve the desired aspects of BTE, and that is the key point of this review article. This review article examines the significant areas of nanotechnology research that have an impact on regeneration of bone: (a) scaffold with nanomaterials helps to enhance physicochemical interactions, biocompatibility, mechanical stability, and attachment; (b) nanoparticle-based approaches for delivering bioactive chemicals, growth factors, and genetic material. The article begins with the introduction of components and healing mechanisms of bone and the factors associated with them. The focus of this article is on the various nanotopographies that are now being used in scaffold formation, by describing how they are made, and how these nanotopographies affect the immune system and potential underlying mechanisms. The advantages of 4D bioprinting in BTE by using nanoink have also been mentioned. Additionally, we have investigated the importance of an in silico approach for finding the interaction between drugs and their related receptors, which can help to formulate suitable systems for delivery. This review emphasizes the role of nanoscale approach and how it helps to increase the efficacy of parameters of scaffold as well as drug delivery system for tissue engineering and bone regeneration.

Advancing Bioactive Material for Mandibular Bone Regeneration: Transformation of Fibrous Mat into 3D Matrix Cotton for Enhanced Shape Retention and Rapid Hemostasis

“…Serial sections were prepared, and the resulting slides were stained with routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Examination of stained slides revealed areas showing new bone formation, allowing for the assessment of histomorphology and bone remodeling. , …”

“…Examination of stained slides revealed areas showing new bone formation, allowing for the assessment of histomorphology and bone remodeling. 21,22 Statistical Analysis. Each set of experimental data underwent statistical analysis in triplicate (n = 3), employing descriptive statistical methods such as calculating the mean and standard deviation (SD).…”